Monday, 16 September 2013

SMK 2013-HOW TO MAKE ICE CREAM BY NAMA : FACHRI SETIADI NO : 08 KLS : XII RPL3

By toni comara03:05:00 No comments:

NAMA : FACHRI SETIADI

NO : 08

KLS : XII RPL3

HOW TO MAKE ICE CREAM

Ingredients

1 cup of milk
1 tablespoon sugar
½ teaspoon vanilla extract
Alternate flavor: if you want chocolate ice cream, add 1 tablespoon of cocoa powder
4-6 tablespoons salt
2 trays of ice cubes
Small amount of butter
5 teaspoons flavored syrup

Steps

Freezer Bag Method

This is good for making individual servings of ice cream to be eaten promptly after making. The video at the bottom of this article shows how to make ice cream with a sandwich bag. Pour in the milk, sugar, and flavoring in a quart-size bag.

Take roughly two quarts of ice, crushed if possible, and place it into the gallon-sized bag with rock salt (also known as coarse salt). Ideally, the gallon bag will be roughly half full with the ice and salt mixture.

Place the sealed quart-sized bag with the ingredients into the gallon-sized bag. Make sure the bags stay sealed. Do not allow the contents to mix at any time. If the bags don't seal sufficiently, seal the top of both bags to ensure they don't open during shaking.

Gently agitate, massage, and shake the bags for about fifteen to twenty minutes. In this amount of time the contents of the quart bag should start to turn into solid ice cream. It is important that you are mixing the contents of the inner bag, but you don’t want to be so aggressive that you burst the inner bag or cut it on the ice. Double-bagging should prevent this. If your hands get uncomfortably cold, use a towel or an old T-shirt to hold the bags as you massage them; the bags will be quite cold and might become slippery with accumulated condensation. Consider using gloves or massaging while holding onto the top seal if a towel or similar cloth is not available.

Remove the finished ice cream from the sandwich bag and serve.

Pot-Freezer Method

This is how ice cream was typically made before modern refrigeration, using ice cut from lakes and ponds. Hand-cranked ice cream machines are a variation of the sorbetière (a covered pail with a handle attached to the lid) which is a French adaptation of the pot-freezer method.

Put the ice cream ingredients in a bowl.

Put the bowl in a tub filled with ice and salt. Make sure the ice and salt mixture doesn't spill over the edges or into the bowl.

Mix the ingredients of the bowl vigorously. The salty ice water will absorb heat from the mixture, bringing it below the freezing point of water and turning the mixture into ice cream.^[1] It's important to mix as thoroughly as you can to prevent the formation of ice crystals. If you can, use a whisk or better yet, a hand-held mixer.

Remove ice cream from the bowl and serve.

Freezer Method

This method works best with a custard-based recipe that incorporates eggs, because the result will be much smoother. Since it involves a good bit of waiting, however, it may not be the most immediately gratifying for kids.

Pour the ice cream mixture into a deep baking dish, or bowl made of plastic, stainless steel or something durable in the freezer.

Put it in the freezer for 30 minutes.

Check the mixture. When it starts to freeze at the edges, take it out and stir it vigorously with a spatula until all of the ice crystals are broken up. If you can, use a whisk or a hand-held mixer.

Check and stir every 30 minutes until the mixture turns into ice cream. This might take 2-3 hours.

Coffee Can Method

This is very similar to the bag method, except instead of using two bags, you use two coffee cans, one bigger than the other.

Put the ice cream mixture in the smaller coffee can. Seal tightly.

Put the smaller coffee can in the big coffee can along with ice and rock salt. Seal the large can tightly.

Shake the large can vigorously for about 10 minutes. Kids can roll or throw it around, but make sure the cans are sealed well. Do this step outside, just in case. Check the smaller coffee can to see if the mixture has turned into ice cream yet. If you see ice crystals forming, stir or whisk the mixture.

Continue shaking, rolling, or throwing until ice cream is formed.

Ball Method

This can only be done with a commercial product that mixes ice cream within a specially made ball with two chambers.

Fill the ice end with with ice and 1/2 cup of rock salt (3/4 cup if using the larger size ball) and close by hand.

S

Standard ice cubes may not fit. You might need crushed ice.
You'll probably need at least 10 ice trays' worth of ice.

Pour the ice cream mixture into the end with a metal cylinder. Leave an inch (2.5cm) at the top for expansion and close by hand.

Shake, roll, and pass the ball around for 10-15 minutes. The ball will probably be heavier than you expect.

Open the ice cream end with the plastic wrench that comes with the ball. Scrape the sides of the cylinder with a plastic or wooden spoon (metal will damage the cylinder). Close the lid by hand.

Since the chamber is narrow and deep, stirring the ice cream might be difficult. If necessary, use the wooden handle of a spoon or spatula.

Check the ice end. Open the lid with the plastic wrench. Pour out any water and add more ice and up to 1/3 cup of rock salt. Close the lid by hand.

Shake, roll, and pass the ball around for 5–10 minutes.

Check the ice cream. Repeat the above steps as needed, or eat the ice cream as is.

When you pour the ice cream out, be careful that it doesn't spill into the raised decorative ledges and tight crevices; these may be very difficult to clean later on, especially if you use chocolate chips.
The ice cream tends to be "soupy" in the middle and solid along the edges.

ini pak,,hehe

On Sat, Sep 14, 2013 at 10:15 PM, sultoni comara <sultoni_c@yahoo.co.id> wrote:

OK.TOLONG FOTONYA DISUSULKAN

Dari: Fachri Setiadi <flankisme@gmail.com>
Kepada: sultoni_c@yahoo.co.id
Dikirim: Sabtu, 14 September 2013 21:25
Judul:

NAMA   : FACHRI SETIADI
NO        : 08
KLS    : XII RPL3

HOW TO MAKE ICE CREAM

Ingredients

1 cup of milk

1 tablespoon sugar

½ teaspoon vanilla extract

Alternate flavor: if you want chocolate ice cream, add 1 tablespoon of cocoa powder

4-6 tablespoons salt

2 trays of ice cubes

Small amount of butter

5 teaspoons flavored syrup

Steps

Freezer Bag Method

This is good for making individual servings of ice cream to be eaten promptly after making. The video at the bottom of this article shows how to make ice cream with a sandwich bag. Pour in the milk, sugar, and flavoring in a quart-size bag.

Take roughly two quarts of ice, crushed if possible, and place it into the gallon-sized bag with rock salt (also known as coarse salt). Ideally, the gallon bag will be roughly half full with the ice and salt mixture.

Place the sealed quart-sized bag with the ingredients into the gallon-sized bag. Make sure the bags stay sealed. Do not allow the contents to mix at any time. If the bags don't seal sufficiently, seal the top of both bags to ensure they don't open during shaking.

Gently agitate, massage, and shake the bags for about fifteen to twenty minutes. In this amount of time the contents of the quart bag should start to turn into solid ice cream. It is important that you are mixing the contents of the inner bag, but you don’t want to be so aggressive that you burst the inner bag or cut it on the ice. Double-bagging should prevent this. If your hands get uncomfortably cold, use a towel or an old T-shirt to hold the bags as you massage them; the bags will be quite cold and might become slippery with accumulated condensation. Consider using gloves or massaging while holding onto the top seal if a towel or similar cloth is not available.

Remove the finished ice cream from the sandwich bag and serve.

Pot-Freezer Method

This is how ice cream was typically made before modern refrigeration, using ice cut from lakes and ponds. Hand-cranked ice cream machines are a variation of the sorbetière (a covered pail with a handle attached to the lid) which is a French adaptation of the pot-freezer method.

Put the ice cream ingredients in a bowl.

Put the bowl in a tub filled with ice and salt. Make sure the ice and salt mixture doesn't spill over the edges or into the bowl.

Mix the ingredients of the bowl vigorously. The salty ice water will absorb heat from the mixture, bringing it below the freezing point of water and turning the mixture into ice cream.^[1] It's important to mix as thoroughly as you can to prevent the formation of ice crystals. If you can, use a whisk or better yet, a hand-held mixer.

Remove ice cream from the bowl and serve.

Freezer Method

This method works best with a custard-based recipe that incorporates eggs, because the result will be much smoother. Since it involves a good bit of waiting, however, it may not be the most immediately gratifying for kids.^[2]

Pour the ice cream mixture into a deep baking dish, or bowl made of plastic, stainless steel or something durable in the freezer.

Put it in the freezer for 30 minutes.

Check the mixture. When it starts to freeze at the edges, take it out and stir it vigorously with a spatula until all of the ice crystals are broken up. If you can, use a whisk or a hand-held mixer.

Check and stir every 30 minutes until the mixture turns into ice cream. This might take 2-3 hours.

Coffee Can Method

This is very similar to the bag method, except instead of using two bags, you use two coffee cans, one bigger than the other.

Put the ice cream mixture in the smaller coffee can. Seal tightly.

Put the smaller coffee can in the big coffee can along with ice and rock salt. Seal the large can tightly.

Shake the large can vigorously for about 10 minutes. Kids can roll or throw it around, but make sure the cans are sealed well. Do this step outside, just in case. Check the smaller coffee can to see if the mixture has turned into ice cream yet. If you see ice crystals forming, stir or whisk the mixture.

Continue shaking, rolling, or throwing until ice cream is formed.

Ball Method

This can only be done with a commercial product that mixes ice cream within a specially made ball with two chambers.^[3]

Fill the ice end with with ice and 1/2 cup of rock salt (3/4 cup if using the larger size ball) and close by hand.

S

Standard ice cubes may not fit. You might need crushed ice.

You'll probably need at least 10 ice trays' worth of ice.

Pour the ice cream mixture into the end with a metal cylinder. Leave an inch (2.5cm) at the top for expansion and close by hand.

Shake, roll, and pass the ball around for 10-15 minutes. The ball will probably be heavier than you expect.

Open the ice cream end with the plastic wrench that comes with the ball. Scrape the sides of the cylinder with a plastic or wooden spoon (metal will damage the cylinder). Close the lid by hand.

Since the chamber is narrow and deep, stirring the ice cream might be difficult. If necessary, use the wooden handle of a spoon or spatula.

Check the ice end. Open the lid with the plastic wrench. Pour out any water and add more ice and up to 1/3 cup of rock salt. Close the lid by hand.

Shake, roll, and pass the ball around for 5–10 minutes.

Check the ice cream. Repeat the above steps as needed, or eat the ice cream as is.

When you pour the ice cream out, be careful that it doesn't spill into the raised decorative ledges and tight crevices; these may be very difficult to clean later on, especially if you use chocolate chips.

The ice cream tends to be "soupy" in the middle and solid along the edges.

Share: Facebook Twitter Google+

SMK 2013- Smoking in the morning,BY rizky almas f (XII-RPL2)

By toni comara03:01:00 No comments:

Smoking in the morning,

Especially accompanied by a cup of coffee, has become a ritual that hard to break. However, these habits seem to need to be stopped from smoking at the beginning of the day is more dangerous than smoking on the day or night. Research shows that smoking after waking up would increase the risk of lung cancer, neck and head. "Morning smokers have high levels of nicotine and other toxins from tobacco in his body. They are also more addicted than smokers who refrained from smoking a half hour or so after waking up," said researcher Joshua Muscat of Penn State College of Medicine. To find out why some smokers get cancer and not, Muscat and his team examined the link between cancer risk is there with the habit of first cigarette in the morning. The first study involved 4775 patients with lung cancer and 2835 of other smokers without lung cancer. Those who smoke 30 minutes after waking up 1.79 times higher risk of suffering from lung cancer than those who waited more than 60 minutes. Meanwhile, those who smoked 31-60 minutes after waking up had 1.31 times the risk compared to those who wait at least an hour. The second study involved 1055 people with brain and neck cancer and 795 people who smoked but did not suffer brain and neck cancer. Those who smoked within 30 minutes when you wake up 1.59 times the risk of brain and neck cancer compared with those who waited an hour. The risk of smokers who smoked 31-60 minutes after waking up 1.42 times than those who wait at least an hour.

Share: Facebook Twitter Google+

SMK 2013- Global Warming and Water Quality BY Name : ROFI ADDY NUGROHO Class : XII RPL 3 Number : 30

By toni comara02:59:00 No comments:

Name : ROFI ADDY NUGROHO

Class : XII RPL 3

Number : 30
Gambar sisip 1

Global Warming and Water Quality

Every day, we are bombarded with news from a variety of sources: from newspapers to Web sites to television to friends. With the 24-hour news cycle, it can be difficult for the average person to filter through all this information. This can be even more frustrating when it comes to news that directly impacts you and your family.

With the flood of information on global warming and its effects on the environment, it can seem as if the average consumer is being left out. The news tends to concentrate more on the macro level and not specifically on how global warming does and can affect individuals and families.

Families throughout the country enjoy the outdoors-boating, swimming, camping, hiking, etc. But with the potential damage that global climate change can have on our outdoor fun, it’s essential for us all to understand the extent of the damage that could occur.

What is the impact, if any, of global warming on water quality? Is the impact detrimental or negligible? How is the average family affected by the effects of global climate change?

According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the impact of global warming on water quality could be substantial. In a report titled “Environmental Quality and Recreation,” some of their findings demonstrate just how important protecting the environment is. Here are some of the study’s findings:
If river flows decrease and temperatures continue to rise (as a result of global climate change), water quality in the nation’s rivers, bays and lakes could suffer. In rivers where the flows decrease, “pollution concentrations will rise because there will be less water to dilute the pollutants.”
This would ultimately require sewage treatments plants and other water pollution controls to be upgraded-in an effort to protect against the quantity of pollutants. The cost for these upgrades would be substantial.
Some argue that global warming will lead to increased severity of storms. In this case, with even more severe rainstorms, chemical runoff from farms, lawns, streets-and into lakes, rivers and bays-would increase. This increase would result in a myriad of additional problems.
If the amount of dissolved oxygen in the nation’s water system is reduced, it could effectively suffocate fish, thus impacting a food source for many Americans.
“Climate change could increase the salinity of some water bodies” (same source as above).
These and a host of other problems from global climate change will affect the nation’s water quality. With something as vital at the nation’s water, it’s critical average consumers know as much as possible, thus increasing their ability to protect themselves and their families.

Share: Facebook Twitter Google+

SMK 2013 THE Effects of Global Warming – Benefits and Dangers BY Nama : Ella Margaretta Sistanto Kelas : XII RPL 3 No : 06

By toni comara02:55:00 No comments:

Nama : Ella Margaretta Sistanto

Kelas : XII RPL 3

No : 06

Effects of Global Warming – Benefits and Dangers

When you hear about the effects of global warming it is important to understand that the effects we are experiencing today are moderate compared to what the future will see if we do not take preventative action. Over the next century researchers and environmental professionals are stating that the effects of global warming will continue on a constant inclined curve. Temperatures heating up a little bit each decade until the earth’s temperatures reach the sweltering levels that we experienced in history. Scientists believe that the earth’s temperatures will rise between 2-9 degrees Fahrenheit by 2050.

The Arctic and the earth’s northern latitudes will feel the most of the effects of global warming as they continue to escalate. As the Arctic packs and glaciers begin to melt from the increased temperatures the tundra and seas surrounding the areas will continue to absorb the warmth which was once reflected back into space. Climate models show that if temperatures throughout the rest of the world rise to 3 degrees Fahrenheit they will more than likely rise to at least 7 degrees Fahrenheit in the Arctic. From this the oceans throughout the world will become full with melting glaciers and ice from the Arctic likely to rise by at least 3ft.

As the temperatures continue to rise this will force the ocean to evaporate quicker and therefore more rainfall will be experienced. The problem with this effect is that the rainfall may hit areas of the world which do not need it at all causing massive floods and monsoons. Subtropical areas like India are expected to be the target of this particular effect of global warming. On the other hand it is safe to say that droughts are going to be more of a problem than flooding.

There are predictions that the future effects of global warming may have its benefits as well. In the northern part of the world such as Canada, the warmer temperatures will mean longer growing seasons and more rainfall. This of course then will put an end to any food shortage that may be occurring and provide a new sense of prosperity to countries throughout the world which have been struggling to survive.

Many of the changes and effects listed above are already taking place today on a smaller scale of course. Sea levels are rising due to thermal expansion of the ocean, in addition to melting of land ice. Amounts and patterns of precipitation are changing as well but only slightly in comparison to what has been predicted for the future. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns increase the frequency and intensity of other extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, heat waves, and tornadoes.

Other effects of global warming include higher or lower agricultural yields, further glacial retreat, reduced summer stream flows and species extinctions. As a further effect of global warming, diseases like malaria are returning into areas where they have been extinguished earlier. This is only the beginning of the effects global warming can have on our earth. As the greenhouse gases continue to increase and enter the atmosphere these effects are only going to increase in severity making it harder and harder to maintain our quality of life.

Many people find it hard to believe that the effects of global warming can become as severe as scientists are predicting but the patterns support these theories. When you read studies comparing today’s weather to weather 20years ago there are already signs proving the effects of global warming. Pay attention to the weather today and the severe weather being reported from all over the world and you will begin to see the effects within your own life as well.

We can all do our part to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases within our atmosphere. No matter how small the act might be (saving electricity, conserving fuels, etc) every action makes a difference when we are all making these eco-smart decisions. There are no doubts that the effects of global warming are only going to persist and increase if we do not do something today. The fact is that even if greenhouse emission gases were completely eliminated today it will still take years to eliminate the threats of global warming. This is why it is so important to do what we can today!

Share: Facebook Twitter Google+

SMK 2013- THE Danger of Smoking in the Morning environtment and humanity BY NAMA : MOHAMMAD NOVAL KELAS : XII RPL 3 NO :13

By toni comara02:51:00 No comments:

NAMA : MOHAMMAD NOVAL

KELAS : XII RPL 3

NO :13

Share: Facebook Twitter Google+

SKM 2013- Starting a Butterfly Garden Is Easy BY Rizqi Awalia Maulani Kelas : XII RPL3 No : 29

By toni comara02:43:00 No comments:

Nama : Rizqi Awalia Maulani

Kelas : XII RPL3

No : 29

Starting a Butterfly Garden Is Easy

So, you want to start a butterfly garden? They bring beauty and motion to your garden. Making your garden hospitable is the place to start. You will need three things to make your garden attractive so they will want to make your yard their home.

1. Food for the adults.
2. Place for breeding
3. Plants for the caterpillars

You will want to choose some nectar producing plants that will bloom throughout the summer. The female needs plants to lay her eggs and for the caterpillars to feed on. Annuals are good to plant as they bloom all throughout the summer. You will want to have blooms mid to late summer when the butterflies are most active. Flowers that have multi-blooms are best.

There are some perennials, like coneflowers and astors that are well liked. It is good to plant different plants that bloom at different times of the season. The black swallowtail seems to enjoy parsley and dill herbs. Besides annuals and perennials, there is a bush that they enjoy immensely, called a “butterfly bush” that will definitely, attract a swarm of butterflies. I, always, liked to sit in my gazebo to watch them fluttering around and sipping on nectar, in one of my two bushes that I had and it was guaranteed that they would be there. These are the simple things in life that I appreciate.

Other than the plants that are needed, they, also, need some place away from the wind to shelter their eggs so they won’t be disturbed. You can purchase butterfly houses that you put in a woodsy part of your garden. Mourning Cloaks, Angelwings and Tortoiseshells would likely be the ones to use it. Be sure to put the nectar producing plants close by. Painting the outside of the house bright colors may aid in attracting them, also. Sometimes, the house works and sometimes it doesn’t.

You will want to supply at least one mud puddle or dampened area in the garden. They seem to gather around the edge of mud puddles. It’s not clear as to why they do this, but it may be the moisture or a mineral they may need.

Please, don’t use insecticides in your garden if you don’t need to. Think about using a natural insecticide that you can purchase or make by yourself. There are many natural insecticide recipes that you can obtain online. Insecticides kill the caterpillars and can kill the adults.

Starting a butterfly garden is simple by making your garden hospitable for them and knowing what will attract them. Simply keeping a small wet area for them and planting a few plants that they’ll enjoy is often enough to attract a number of butterflies.

Share: Facebook Twitter Google+

SMK 2013- Global Warming Global Warming’s Effects on Humankind BYUmul Hasanah Kelas : XII RPL3 No : 34

By toni comara02:40:00 No comments:

Umul Hasanah

Kelas : XII RPL3

No : 34

Global Warming Global Warming’s Effects on Humankind

Global warming is something that we all should be aware of. It is something that we should be concerned of. It is the reason why the world that we are living in is changing in a negative way. In addition, if we do not do something about it, it will get worse and worse until the time comes that we can no longer fight it. Time will come that the damage that it made will be irreversible and all hope will be lost. However, rejoice for today, we still can do something about it. However, how can we understand and be motivated if we do not know anything about it. Do not worry; we are here to explain to you some of the effects of global warming. We hope that through understanding, you would come to realize the urgency of the problem.

Effect number one

Have you noticed the weather lately? Have you noticed the freaky change on the weather patterns? You are right; these are the effects of global warming.

Effect number two

The global rise in the temperature causes the polar ice caps and iced-covered continents to melt. It then becomes water and then it is dumped on the ocean. This significantly raises the sea level, flooding low-lying coastal areas.

Effect number three

Lands are turned to deserts because of the extreme heat. We have seen it so long ago in Africa, but now Asia, Europe and the United States is experiencing it. The warm climate makes the land drier, which makes it impossible for people to produce food. Food is what keeps us going and if we are no longer capable of producing it, we will die.

Effect number four

On the good side, global warming gave birth to new industries. All of these industries have the sole purpose of creating solutions for the different problems brought to by this phenomenon. It is a good sign that people are finding ways to fight it. Let us face it; it is here already and let us find ways to fight it.

These are some of the effects of global warming that we are all experiencing right now. Although there are many people who deny its existence, all we can say is to let the obvious speak for itself. We cannot deny the fact when it is starting at us on the face. We clearly can see and feel the effects manifesting. Let us stop denying the obvious and start finding ways to counter it. Join the campaign and stop global warming

Share: Facebook Twitter Google+

SMK 2013-Uses And Types of Tulips- BY Riskie Mira Suraya Kelas : XII RPL3

By toni comara02:36:00 No comments:

Nama : Riskie Mira Suraya

Kelas : XII RPL3

No : 27

Uses And Types of Tulips

Tulips are one of the most beautiful, elegant and graceful flowers with over 3000 different varieties. They come in a great variety of colors ranging from yellow, orange, pink, red, white, cream, purple and even black. They are native to many countries starting from Southern Europe to North Africa, Iran and Northwest China. Originally from Persia and Turkey they are one of the easiest flowers to grow. In fact, they are usually the first flowers to blossom every year around spring and can survive through summer climates as well. The tulip flower is recognized by its cup or star-shaped flower with six petals.

The tulip flower symbolizes fame and true love, but with every color the meaning of the flower changes. Red tulips mean ‘believe me’ while cream tulips mean ‘I will love you forever’. White tulips represent heaven, purity and forgiveness while purple tulips represent royalty. Pink tulips mean affection and care, yellow tulips stand for cheerful thoughts and orange tulips represent enthusiasm, energy, desire and passion. During the Ottoman Empire the tulip flower was greatly admired and seen as a symbol of abundance and indulgence for which reason they named their wealthiest era the Tulip era.

Tulips are available in a great number of varieties for which reason they have been categorized into a different categories according to the type of flower. The Single Early is the first type and these flowers are the first to bloom with the flower in the shape of a cup. The Double Early are the second type and they have more petals than a normal tulip. Triumph tulips bloom in mid-spring and are perfect for growing indoors. Darwin Hybrid tulips also bloom mid-spring and are one of the tallest types of tulips and their bloom is in a pyramid shape. Single late tulips bloom in an oval shape and are ideal for gardening. The Fringed tulip is a long-lasting flower and is recognized by its petals with crystal-shaped fringes. Viridiflora is another common type of tulip and is recognized by its petals which are partially green. Lily-flowered tulips are thin flowers with its petals pointing outward in resemblance to the Lily flower. Each type of tulip has its own range of colors which it blooms in.

Like many other flowers the tulip flower is popularly used to make beautiful flower arrangements and serve as a great gift to send as a surprise to your loved ones. Tulips are most popularly used as wedding flowers in the form of table decoration, bridal bouquets and general decoration. When used for gardening purposes, tulips can really brighten up the space with its array of beautiful colors. Tulip bulbs are edible and are a good substitute for onions while cooking. In a dry powdered form tulip bulbs can be added to flour and cereal products. Tulip flowers are also edible and widely used to add color and texture to salads. Tulips were used for inspirational purposes as far back as the 13th century by many Persian poets.

With its beautiful colors, great variety and multi-purposed uses the tulip flower can be seen that tulips are a very special and unique type of flower.

Share: Facebook Twitter Google+

SMK 2013-Climate change impacts BY Eristi Dwi Almubarok Class : XII RPL 3

By toni comara02:31:00 No comments:

Name : Eristi Dwi Almubarok

Class : XII RPL 3

Number : 07

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Climate change impacts
The effects of warming on our world can be seen today

The Earth could warm another 2 to 11.5°F this century if we fail to reduce emissions from burning fossil fuels and deforestation—devastating our livelihoods and the natural world we cherish.

Impacts on the world around us

Biodiversity loss
Thousands of species risk extinction from disappearing habitat, changing ecosystems and acidifying oceans. According to the IPCC, climate change will put some 20% to 30% of species globally at increasingly high risk of extinction, possibly by 2100.

·         Decline in polar bears
Arctic sea ice is the polar bear's feeding habitat. As sea ice disappears, bear mortality rises. In 2008, the polar bear became the first animal to be added to the Endangered Species Act list of threatened species because of global warming.

The U.S. Geological Survey has warned that two-thirds of the world's polar bear populations could be lostby mid-century as sea ice continues to retreat.

·         Acidifying oceans
About one-third of the CO2 pollution from smokestacks and tailpipes is absorbed by the world's oceans, where it forms carbonic acid. A 2010 study published in Nature Geoscience warns that unchecked greenhouse gas emissions could cause oceans to acidify at a rate unprecedented in at least the last 65 million years.

·         Coral bleaching
Coral reefs are highly sensitive to small changes in water temperature. Heat triggers corals to shed the algae that nourish them—a bleaching event that leaves coral white.

In 1998, the world's coral suffered its worst year on record, which left 16% bleached or dead. (ISRS statement [PDF]) Continued warming could cause mass bleachings to become an annual event within the next few decades, wiping out many reef ecosystems.

Coral bleaching from warming waters.

·         Shifting habitat
As the mercury rises, plants and animals are shifting their ranges toward the poles and to higher altitudes, and migration patterns for animals as diverse as whales and butterflies are being disrupted.

·         Threats to Western forests
The U.S. Geological Survey reports that slight changes in the climate may trigger abrupt ecosystem changes that may be irreversible.

All told, the Rocky Mountains in Canada and the U.S. haveseen nearly 70,000 square miles of forest die – an area the size of Washington state – since 2000 due to outbreaks of tree-killing insects.

Thinning ice, rising seas
Rising seas are one of the most certain effects of global warming as warming ocean waters expand and melting glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets add more water to the oceans. The IPCC estimates that melting ice caps and glaciers—which are some of our most visible indicators of climate change—accounted for about 25% of sea level rise from 1993 to 2003.

·         Arctic sea ice is shrinking
Satellite images show that the extent of Arctic summer sea ice has decreased by almost 9% per decade since 1979. The Arctic summer could be ice-free by mid-century, according to a study by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

·         Sea level rise
During the 20th century, sea level rose an average of 7 inches after 2,000 years of relatively little change. The2007 IPCC report conservatively predicts that sea levels could rise 10 to 23 inches by 2100 if current warming patterns continue.

In the U.S., roughly 100 million people live in coastal areas within 3 feet of mean sea level. Low-lying cities such as Boston, Miami and New York are vulnerable.

The U.S. Geological Survey, EPA and NOAA issued a joint report in 2009 warning that most mid-Atlantic coastal wetlands from New York to North Carolina will be lost with a sea level rise of 3 feet or more. North Carolina's barrier islands would be significantly breached and flooding would destroy the Florida Everglades.

·         Melting glaciers
A 2005 survey of 442 glaciers from the World Glacier Monitoring Service found that 90% of the world's glaciers are shrinking as the planet warms.

Glacier National Park now has only 25 glaciers, versus 150 in 1910. At the current rate of retreat, the glaciers in Glacier National Park could be gone in a matter of decades, according to some scientists.

Photos from 1938, 1981, 1998 and 2009 show the disappearance of Grinnell Glacier. Credit: 1938 T.J. Hileman photo, Courtesy of GNP Archives; 1981 Carl Key photo, USGS; 1998 D. Fagre photo, USGS; 2009 Lindsey Bengtson photo, USGS. Source: USG

Share: Facebook Twitter Google+

SMK 2013-10 Facts About The Honey Bee BY Okti Nian Dini

By toni comara02:27:00 No comments:

Nama : Okti Nian Dini

No : 22

Kelas : XII RPL 3

10 Facts About The Honey Bee

There are approximately 20,000 known species of bees. Only seven of those are recognised as species of honey bee, although there is a total of 44 subspecies. They are distinguished by the production and storage of honey, along with the construction of perennial, colonial nests made from wax.
1. Honey bees appear to originate from South and South East Asia, as all but one of the species are native to that region. Most species of honey bee have been cultured for their production of honey and beeswax, with only two species being truly domesticated.
2. There is only one documented fossil species of honey bee – ‘Apis Nearctica’; a single 14 million year old specimen found in Nevada.
3. There are no honey bees that are native to North or South America. European colonists brought the dark bee to the Americas, followed later by the introduction of Italian bees.
4. Africanized honey bees are better known colloquially as ‘killer bees’. They are hybrids between European stock and one of the African subspecies. They are more resistant to disease and are better foragers. Small swarms of Africanized honey bees take over European honey beehives by invading the hive, killing the queen and installing their own queen.
5. Two species of bee are used by beekeepers – ‘A. Mellifera’ and ‘A. Cerana’. They are maintained, fed and transported by the beekeepers from field to field as the crops need pollinating.
6. Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) is the name given to the abnormally high die-offs of the European honey bee colonies. Research evidence suggests this is a ‘syndrome’, rather than a ‘disease’, as it is caused by a combination of factors – including impaired protein production in cells.
7. A colony of bees consists of only one queen bee, along with a few thousand fertile, male drone bees and a seasonally variable population of sterile, female worker bees.
8. The queen bee can choose whether to fertilize the egg she is laying – usually dependent on what cell she is laying the egg in. Unfertilized eggs develop into Drones, whilst fertilized eggs develop into female worker or Queen bees.
9. Larvae are initially fed with royal jelly. This is produced by worker bees and secreted from glands in their pharynx. Later this is switched to pollen and honey, except in the case of larvae destined to become Queen bees – they are fed on royal jelly throughout their growing life.
10. Young worker bees clean the hive and feed the larvae. As they get older they progress onto other within-colony tasks, including guarding the hive before eventually spending the rest of her life as a forager.

Share: Facebook Twitter Google+

SMK 2013 -Environmental Pollution Article BY siti fatimah Kelas : XII RPL 2

By toni comara03:13:00 No comments:

Environmental Pollution Article

Environmental pollution problem is an old problem facing mankind which until now the problem is still not resolved , even worse. Environmental pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the environment so that environmental quality is reduced or does not function as intended. So the first order of environmental change due to environmental pollution . There are several factors that cause pollution are carried by humans , which is due to the ever increasing population growth and technological development . These factors also lead to the need to increase the population , for example, a growing number of users of private vehicles causing air pollution .

   Pulotan is a term for human life , energy , substances or other components that cause pollution . There are three terms a substance said to be a pollutant , ie when the level or amount exceeds the normal threshold , are at the most inopportune times and are in a place undue .

   Environmental pollution can be divided into several types , for example :
1 . Air pollution

   Water is a basic human need . Water used for drinking , cooking and menuci . However , humans are not able to maintain the quality of water that is in the earth . It can be seen from the rampant water pollution news in the news like a pile of garbage at times or river . Water pollution can be caused by household waste , pesticides , fertilizers and inorganic waste .

  Household wastewater known as domestic waste containing 95 % to 99 % water and the rest is organic waste . Household waste is a good food source for bacteria . When rivers and lakes contaminated with household waste , will be found the bacteria and can cause cholera and typhoid . As a result of the bacterial activity , a variety of other living things could die from lack of oxygen . Because at the time under aerobic conditions , spoilage bacteria use oxygen in the water to decompose organic matter . Most wastewater consists of nitrogen components , such as urean and uric acid which breaks down into ammonia and nitrite . Usually waters through which household waste algae population will increase rapidly due to the large supply of nutrients and oxygen in these waters persediaaan akaan reduced . The further downstream or in the direction of the estuary , more decomposed organic waste perfectly so that the oxygen content in the water returned to normal limits .

   Organic waste is also a cause of water pollution . There are some industries that throw their waste into the river . These wastes containing toxic metals are like mercury , copper , cadmium , and zinc . Fertilizers and pesticides also cause water pollution . Fertilizers that are not absorbed by the plants can be carried by rain water , rivers or lakes into rivers or lakes that become rich nutrients and water hyacinth growth increased rapidly . Petisida a toxic chemical compounds used by humans to control pests . Pesticides containing herbicides , fungicides and insecticides are also not good for living things .

Nama : siti fatimah

Kelas : XII RPL 2

No.abs : 29

Share: Facebook Twitter Google+