- Dari
- Ke
Flooding
By:
Nama : DIANA AFRIANITA
Kelas :XII RPL 2
No.abs: 05
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Wednesday, 18 September 2013
Understanding Landslide BY ERY IRFIYANI CLASS : XII RPL 2 NO : 07
NAME : ERY
IRFIYANI
CLASS : XII RPL 2
NO : 07
A. Understanding
Landslide
Landslides or in English is called Landslide , slope -forming material is in the form of
displacement of rock , debris material , soil
, or a mixture of the material , move down or off the slopes . The occurrence
of landslides can be explained as follows : the water soak into the ground will
add weight to the ground . If water penetrates the soil acts as a waterproof
slip plane , the ground became slippery and soil weathering on it will move to
follow the slope and off the slopes .
B. Types of Landslide
There are 6 types of landslides , namely : translational landslides , avalanches rotation ,
movement of blocks , rubble stone ,
rayapan soil and debris flow material .
Translational and rotational landslide types
most common in Indonesia. Whereas most avalanches claimed the lives of humans
is debris flow material .
1 . Translation avalanche
Air- translational landslide is a
mass movement of soil and rock in the field of flat or menggelombang shaped
slip ramps .
2 . avalanches Rotation
Rotational landslide is moving its
mass of soil and rock on the slip plane is concave .
3 . Block movement
Movement is the movement of rock blocks that move in the field of flat -shaped slip . Avalanches are also called rock avalanches translational block
Movement is the movement of rock blocks that move in the field of flat -shaped slip . Avalanches are also called rock avalanches translational block
4 . Stone ruins
Sejum rock slides occur when the one large rock or other material moving downwards by free fall . Generally occur on steep slopes up dangling especially in coastal areas . Large boulders that fall can cause severe damage .
Sejum rock slides occur when the one large rock or other material moving downwards by free fall . Generally occur on steep slopes up dangling especially in coastal areas . Large boulders that fall can cause severe damage .
5 . Land
Rayapan
Rayapan Land is kind of slow-moving landslides . Type of soil in the form of coarse and fine grain . Type of landslide is almost unrecognizable. After a long time this rayapan landslide types can lead to telephone poles , trees , or the downward sloping .
Rayapan Land is kind of slow-moving landslides . Type of soil in the form of coarse and fine grain . Type of landslide is almost unrecognizable. After a long time this rayapan landslide types can lead to telephone poles , trees , or the downward sloping .
6 . Debris
flow material
This type of landslide occurs when land masses move driven by water . Flow rate depends on the slope, the volume and pressure of water , and type of material . Movements occur along the valley and can reach hundreds of meters away . In some places can be up to thousands of meters such as in watershed areas around the volcano . This land can stream pretty much killed .
This type of landslide occurs when land masses move driven by water . Flow rate depends on the slope, the volume and pressure of water , and type of material . Movements occur along the valley and can reach hundreds of meters away . In some places can be up to thousands of meters such as in watershed areas around the volcano . This land can stream pretty much killed .
C. Common symptoms Landslide
Common symptoms that usually occur before the occurrence of landslides are :
The emergence of the cracks in the
slope that is parallel to the direction of the cliff .
It usually occurs after rain .
The emergence of new springs suddenly .
fragile cliffs and gravel began to fall .
It usually occurs after rain .
The emergence of new springs suddenly .
fragile cliffs and gravel began to fall .
D. The occurrence of Factors Contributing to Landslides
In principle landslide occurs when the driving force on slopes greater than retaining style.
Anchoring force is generally
influenced by the strength of rock and soil density . While the driving force
is influenced by the magnitude of the slope angle , water , and heavy loads of
rock soil types .
a.rain
Threat of landslides usually begins
in November due to the increased intensity of rainfall . Long dry season would
lead to the evaporation of water in the ground in large numbers . It resulted
in the appearance of pores or voids ground cracks occurred and the breaking up
of the surface .
When it rains , water will
infiltrate into the ground with a crack so quickly re-inflated . At the
beginning of the rainy season , high rainfall intensity is usually true , so
that the water content in the soil to become saturated in a short time .
Heavy rains early in the season can cause landslides , because the water broke through the soil will enter and accumulate in the bottom of the slope , causing lateral movement . If there are trees on the surface , landslides can be prevented because the water will be absorbed by plants . Plant roots bind the soil will also work .
Heavy rains early in the season can cause landslides , because the water broke through the soil will enter and accumulate in the bottom of the slope , causing lateral movement . If there are trees on the surface , landslides can be prevented because the water will be absorbed by plants . Plant roots bind the soil will also work .
b . steep slopes
Steep slopes or cliffs which will
increase the driving force . Steep slopes formed by the erosion of river water
, spring water , sea water , and wind . Most of the slope angle is 180
mudslides when the slope was steep and field ends flat erodible soils .
c. Soil is less dense and thick
Type of soil is less dense clay or
clay with a thickness of more than 2.5 m and slope angle is more than 220 .
This type of soil has the potential for the occurrence of landslides ,
especially when it was raining . In addition it is highly susceptible to soil movement
due to soft soil exposed to water and broke when it was too hot .
d . Rocks are less powerful
Sedimentary rocks and volcanic rocks
and sand -sized sediment mixture of gravel , sand , and clay are generally less
powerful . The rocks will easily be ground when experiencing the process of
weathering and generally prone to landslides when found on steep slopes .
e . Type of land planning
Many landslides occurred in the area
of governance paddy fields , cultivation , and a puddle of water on steep
slopes . In the paddy fields is less strong roots to bind the soil and make the
soil grains become soft and saturated with water slide so easily happen . As for
the area of cultivation the cause is due to the tree roots can not penetrate
the field of landslide and avalanches generally occur in the area long .
f . vibration
Vibrations that occur are usually
caused by earthquakes , explosions , vibration machine , vibration and vehicle
traffic . Its consequences are ground , the road , floor , and walls being
cracked .
g . Shrinkage of the lake water level or dam
Susutnya due to rapid water level in
the lake then retaining style slope becomes lost , the tilt angle of the
reservoir 220 easy going avalanches and land subsidence is usually followed by
cracks .
h . Any additional burden
Any additional expenses such as
building loads on the slope , and vehicle driving style will increase the
occurrence of landslides , especially around the bend in the road in the valley
area . The result is often a decrease in soil and cracks him in the direction
of the valley .
i . Abrasion / erosion
Water erosion is mostly done by the
river in the direction of the cliff . In addition to deforestation around the
bend of the river , would be a steep cliff .
j . The existence of material deposits on the cliff
To develop and expand the
residential land is generally done cutting cliffs and valleys hoarding . Soil
deposits on the valley has not been perfect as the original soil compacted
thereunder . So if the rain will decrease the soil , followed by soil cracks .
k. Former long avalanche
Long avalanches generally occur
during and after the deposition of volcanic material on relatively steep slopes
or at the time of or after the occurrence of faults the earth's crust . The
former has an old avalanche characteristics :
Ø The long steep cliffs curved shape of a horseshoe .
Ø Commonly encountered springs , relatively thick trees
because the soil loose and fertile .
Ø Regional landslide upper bodies are generally relatively
gentle .
Ø Encountered small avalanches , especially in the valley
cliffs .
Ø Encountered relatively steep cliffs , a former small
avalanche on the old landslide .
Ø Encountered groove valley and the ridge is found cracks and
small avalanches .
Ø wide enough avalanche this long .
l. The existence of a discontinuity field (
field is not continuous )
This field is not continuous characterized by :
Ø Field perlapisan rock
Ø Field contact between
the overburden bedrock
Ø Field contact between
the cracked rocks with rock solid .
Ø Field contact between
the rocks that can pass water with rocks that do not pass water ( water-resistant
) .
Ø Field contact between
the soft soil with solid ground .
Ø these areas is weak
areas and can serve as a glide plane landslides .
m . deforestation
Landslides are generally a lot going
on in a relatively barren area where ground water is very less binding .
n . Waste disposal area
The use of low soil layer for
landfills in large quantities can cause landslides especially coupled with the
rain, as happened in Leuwigajah Waste Landfill in Cimahi . This disaster left
an estimated 120 more people died .
E. Landslide -prone areas
At least 918 landslide-prone locations in Indonesia. Each year the losses incurred due to landslides around Rp 800 billion , while the soul is endangered about 1 million .
Landslide -prone areas that have :
v Central Java 327 Locations
v West Java 276 Locations
v West Sumatra 100
Locations
v North Sumatra 53
Locations
v Yogyakarta 30
Locations
v West Kalimantan 23
Locations
v The rest are
scattered in NTT , Riau , East Kalimantan , Bali and East Java .
F.
Landslide Disaster Mitigation Phases Mapping
Presenting visual information about
the vulnerability of geological disasters in the
region , as input to the community and or the
district / city and province as a baseline for the development of the region do
to avoid disaster .
investigation.
investigation.
Study the causes and effects of a
disaster that can be used in disaster planning and regional development plans .
Inspection.
Inspection.
Investigated during and after a
disaster occurs , so as to know the cause and how to overcome them .
Monitoring carried out in
disaster-prone areas , the economically strategic areas and services , in order
to know at an early level of danger , by the users and people living in the
area .
Socialization.
Socialization.
Provide insight to the Provincial /
District / City or the general public , about the natural disaster that caused
landslides and ditimbulkannnya . Socialization is done in various ways , among
others , sending posters , booklets and leaflets, or can also directly to the
public and government officials.
Inspection landslide
Aims at studying the causes , the occurrence , disaster conditions and procedures for disaster management in an area that was devastated by landslides .
Inspection landslide
Aims at studying the causes , the occurrence , disaster conditions and procedures for disaster management in an area that was devastated by landslides .
G. Measures Can Do During and After Landslide
1 . Emergency Response
What to do in the emergency response
was immediate victim rescue and relief so that the victim does not grow . There
are several things to consider , among other things :
·
terrain conditions
·
disaster condition
·
Equipment
·
disaster information
2 . rehabilitation
Victim recovery efforts and
infrastructure , including social, economic , and transportation facilities .
In addition it also studied the development of landslides and soil erosion
control techniques that do not develop and determination relocation landslide
victims when landslides are difficult to control .
3 . reconstruction
3 . reconstruction
Strengthening infrastructure
buildings in areas prone to landslides are not a major consideration for
mitigating damage caused by landslides , as vulnerability to buildings built in
landslide lane almost 100 % .
GADO-GADO BY Lianoqita Kelas : XII RPL 02 No. : 14
Nama : Lianoqita
Kelas : XII
RPL 02
No. : 14
GADO-GADO
Gado-gado is one of the foods that come
from Java in the form of vegetables are boiled and blended into one, with
peanut sauce or sauce of crushed peanuts with sliced egg and fried onions
sprinkled on top. Little fried chips or crackers (some are taking prawn
crackers) are also added.
Gado-gado can be eaten just like a salad
with herbs / peanut sauce, but can also be eaten with white rice or sometimes
also served with rice cake.
Ingredients
vegetable
Vegetables are often used can vary,
although vegetables commonly used are:
• Green vegetables are sliced into small
pieces such as lettuce, cabbage, cauliflower, beans, and sprouts
• Other vegetables such as carrots and
cucumbers
• Tomatoes
• Boiled potatoes are sliced
• Boiled Eggs
With the exception of eggs and boiled
potatoes, vegetables used are usually still in a state of raw. Although
sometimes vegetables such as cabbage and cauliflower can also be boiled in hot
water. There are also vegetables that are sometimes cooked with steam.
Ingredients for making Gado-gado.
peanut sauce
One difference hodgepodge of other
vegetable salad is the peanut sauce is used. The materials used for this peanut
sauce can also be varied. Materials commonly used are:
• crushed fried beans
• Garlic
• Chili, pepper
• Lime juice
• salt, brown sugar
Sometimes also added:
• Santan
• Ketchup
• Terasi
See also
• Pecel, a similar food
• Karedok, other foods that are similar
Agriculture in indonesia BY muhammad riza
agriculture is essential in the economy of indonesia, where it accounts for 43% of total employment and directly contributes 15% in the gdp. despite its importance and role within the whole national economy, national food production remains insufficient to satisfy the food security wants of indonesia’s voters. usaid programs address the trouble of food insecurity in many ways. they will seek to further improve the worth chains for key high-value crops ; introduce and disseminate agricultural biotechnology and increase management practices, and build the capability of public and private establishments.
agricultural worth chains–high-value agriculture merchandise have real potential to firmly drive growth, employment, and incomes. in indonesia, the competitiveness with this sector is constrained by low investment, inadequate infrastructure, and underdeveloped agribusiness practices. usaid has 2 programs which are getting work done in high-value agriculture. a 5-year, $20 million agricultural market development project can continue usaid’s previous work in developing indonesia’s agricultural sector through sturdy, well-developed worth chains.
although a preceding program reached a little over 190, 000 individual farmers, 3, 700 producer teams, and 200 agribusinesses, the new program can work with over 250, 000 participant farmers on 3 worth chains : high-value horticulture ( as well as vegetables, fruits and flowers ), cocoa, and low. usaid is additionally providing further support for agricultural development in papua, one amongst indonesia’s least developed provinces. a fresh program there'll work to firmly develop markets and worth chains within the whole cocoa, fisheries, and little livestock sectors.
biotechnology and improved management practices–biotechnology offers much-needed opportunities to firmly increase yields whereas decreasing labor and input prices for your own farmer, as well as cash spent on pesticides and fertilizers. it offers nice opportunities in specific for poor farmers. one usaid-supported program is operating to firmly attain a locally-adapted form of golden rice, which may offer beta-carotene, combating a micronutrient deficiency that typically leads to firmly blindness and alternative health complications in rural areas. another program is developing a potato resistant to firmly late blight.
altogether, the adoption of biotechnology-enhanced species and improved farming practices will increase yields, improves farmer incomes and livelihoods, and is higher for your own environment. additionally, usaid programs support and build the capability on your government of indonesia’s national council on biosafety, that regulates how biotechnology-enhanced crops are introduced and grown in indonesia.
capability building : to firmly totally achieve its potential, indonesia should build its cadre of trained professionals in key areas, notably economics and agriculture. usaid programs establish important linkages between u. s. and indonesian universities, and support the coaching of dozens of indonesia’s future economic and agronomic top leaders every year in u. s. land-grant universities. these students can come to firmly indonesia totally trained with their professions and higher equipped to firmly steer indonesia to your additional prosperous future.
Global Warming and Water Quality BY Muhamad Ihsanudin Kelas: XII RPL 3 NO: 36
Nama: Muhamad Ihsanudin
Kelas: XII RPL 3
NO: 36
Every day, we are bombarded with news from a variety of sources: from
newspapers to Web sites to television to friends. With the 24-hour news
cycle, it can be difficult for the average person to filter through all
this information. This can be even more frustrating when it comes to
news that directly impacts you and your family.
With the flood of information on global warming and its effects on
the environment, it can seem as if the average consumer is being left
out. The news tends to concentrate more on the macro level and not
specifically on how global warming does and can affect individuals and
families.
Families throughout the country enjoy the outdoors-boating, swimming,
camping, hiking, etc. But with the potential damage that global climate
change can have on our outdoor fun, it’s essential for us all to
understand the extent of the damage that could occur.
What is the impact, if any, of global warming on water quality? Is
the impact detrimental or negligible? How is the average family affected
by the effects of global climate change?
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the impact of
global warming on water quality could be substantial. In a report titled
“Environmental Quality and Recreation,” some of their findings
demonstrate just how important protecting the environment is. Here are
some of the study’s findings:
If river flows decrease and temperatures continue to rise (as a
result of global climate change), water quality in the nation’s rivers,
bays and lakes could suffer. In rivers where the flows decrease,
“pollution concentrations will rise because there will be less water to
dilute the pollutants.”
This would ultimately require sewage treatments plants and other
water pollution controls to be upgraded-in an effort to protect against
the quantity of pollutants. The cost for these upgrades would be
substantial.
Some argue that global warming will lead to increased severity of storms. In this case, with even more severe rainstorms, chemical runoff from farms, lawns, streets-and into lakes, rivers and bays-would increase. This increase would result in a myriad of additional problems.
Some argue that global warming will lead to increased severity of storms. In this case, with even more severe rainstorms, chemical runoff from farms, lawns, streets-and into lakes, rivers and bays-would increase. This increase would result in a myriad of additional problems.
If the amount of dissolved oxygen in the nation’s water system is
reduced, it could effectively suffocate fish, thus impacting a food
source for many Americans.
“Climate change could increase the salinity of some water bodies” (same source as above).
These and a host of other problems from global climate change will affect the nation’s water quality. With something as vital at the nation’s water, it’s critical average consumers know as much as possible, thus increasing their ability to protect themselves and their families.
These and a host of other problems from global climate change will affect the nation’s water quality. With something as vital at the nation’s water, it’s critical average consumers know as much as possible, thus increasing their ability to protect themselves and their families.
How to Decorating The Flannel Tissue Become a Cake BY WULAN AFIFAH KELAS : XII RPL 1 NO : 34
How to Decorating The Flannel Tissue Become a Cake
ingredients:
1. glue
2. scissors
3. flannelette
4. tissue box
5. pencil
see you. This time I will share my experience to learn to decorate a cake where
the tissue is yummy flannel ... according to my imagination ... ^ ^
***
The production process
first wrapped first with the preferred flannel ... the way in glue, which neatly
continue to trace the pattern of the top, the box so the box ... the circle so the circle ...... for patterns or cream melt the chocolate, then stitched around Feston
like this happens ... constantly stick to the top of the tissue box with glue on ...
and holes cut by reserving a few CM to be pasted into the area where the tissue
left anniversary ... continue dressing well bottom with glue wear flannel
...
I love ribbon to cover the less neat ... happens like this
left anniversary ... continue dressing well bottom with glue wear flannel
...
I love ribbon to cover the less neat ... happens like this
***
The event arrived decorate ...
This is the most exciting event ... decorate cakes ...
This makes the topping ...
after topping available ... we can decorate our cake with glued ways ...
Well ... so the story goes, the experience where the tissue so I decorate cakes flannel ... Please practiced alone ...
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