Etika Bisnis Terhadap Kasus Kecurangan Perusahaan BY Fahrul putri Amanda Nim : 11 0201 0185

Fahrul putri Amanda

                                    Nim : 11 0201 0185

                

               Etika Bisnis

                        Etika Bisnis Terhadap Kasus Kecurangan Perusahaan

Warga Keluhkan Asap Limbah Kawat

CIKARANG, KOMPAS.com - Warga Kampung Kali Jeruk, Desa Kali Jaya, Kecamatan Cikarang Barat, Kabupaten Bekasi, Jawa Barat, mengeluhkan pengolahan limbah sampah kawat dengan cara dibakar karena mengganggu kesehatan penduduk setempat.
     
Warsono (39) warga Kampung Kali Jeruk, Minggu (25/4/2010), mengaku sempat mengalami sesak nafas dan kepala pusing saat menghirup asap berwarna hitam pekat saat aktivitas pembakaran limbah dilakukan pemiliknya pada malam malam hari. "Asapnya hitam pekat dan mengeluarkan bau yang sangat menyengat hidung. Saya dan beberapa warga lainnya yang berdekatan dengan lokasi pembakaran limbah sering mengalami sesak nafas dan kepala pusing," ujarnya.
    
Warsono dan beberapa warga lain tidak berani menegur pengelola limbah dengan alasan takut. Namun, beberapa warga pernah melaporkan persoalan tersebut kepada kepala desa (kades) setempat. "Tapi hingga saat ini tidak ada tindakan apa pun dari pejabat desa," katanya.
     
Hal senada juga diungkapkan Siti Fajriyah (30) warga setempat. Menurutnya, pembakaran limbah kawat yang meresahkan warga itu sudah berlangsung sejak pertengahan tahun 2007 silam dan hingga kini belum ada tindakan dari Dinas Lingkungan Hidup (LH) Kabupaten Bekasi."Saat ini warga sangat berharap dinas terkait agar secepatnya turun ke lapangan untuk meninjau lokasi pembakaran itu. Sebab kami menduga pengelolanya tidak memiliki izin daur ulang limbah," katanya.
    
Secara terpisah, Kepala Seksi (Kasi) Pemeliharaan Lingkungan Dinas LH Kabupaten Bekasi, Nanang Hadi, mengaku baru mendengar adanya keluhan tersebut. "Bila memang hasil pembakarannya melebihi ambang batas kewajaran, tentu akan segera kami tindak. Namun, sebelumnya perlu dilakukan pengkajian terlebih dahulu," katanya.
    
Menurut Nanang, aktivitas serupa mulai marak terjadi di wilayah setempat. Kegiatan tersebut dilakukan guna mengurai kandungan lain selain besi yang menempel pada kawat dengan cara dibakar.  "Biasanya, dalam limbah kawat masih suka menempel busa, plastik, karet dan benda sejenisnya yang sulit dibersihkan. Sehingga agar tidak menguras stamina, pengusaha limbah mengambil cara mudah dengan dibakar," katanya.
    
Bila diketahui pengelolaan limbah tersebut ilegal, kata dia, pihaknya akan menjatuhkan sanksi mulai dari peneguran, hingga pencabutan izin usaha.  "Patut diduga kegiatan pembakaran tersebut tidak didukung dengan sistem penetralisir udara seperti cerobong asap dan sejenisnya," ujar Nanang.

Analisis:

Dari kasus diatas dapat dilihat tindakan kecurangan yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan, membuang limbah pabrik yang dibakar jika dilihat dari etika bisnis merupakan hal yang salah dan merugikan banyak pihak.

Secara langsung pihak masyarakat sekitar di Kampung Kali Jeruk, Desa Kali Jaya, Kecamatan Cikarang Barat, Kabupaten Bekasi, Jawa Barat merasa terganggu dan dirugikan dengan pengelolaan limbah yang dilakukan manajemen pabrik. Mereka mengaku sempat mengalami sesak nafas dan kepala pusing saat menghirup asap berwarna hitam pekat saat aktivitas pembakaran limbah dilakukan pemiliknya pada malam malam hari.

Sebaiknya, perusahaan menggunakan system penetralisir udara seperti cerobong asap dan sejenisnya untuk memiminimalisir polusi limbah yang menggangu masyarakat sekitar. Atau pihak manajemen perusahaan sebaiknya membuang limbah di kawasan yang tidak ada penduduk sehingga asapnya tidak menggangu masyarakat sekitar.

Sumber:

http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2010/04/26/00435388/Warga.Keluhkan.Asap.Limbah.Kawat

                   kasus-kasus etika bisnis di indonesia

1. KASUS SUAP KPPU

Mencermati kasus suap menyuap yang melibatkan anggota KPPU M. Iqbal dan Presdir First Media Billy Sindoro dapat membuka mata kita bahwa begitu kotornya etika bisnis di Indonesia. Jika etika bisnis seperti itu masih dipertahankan maka jangan harap korupsi dapat hilang dari negara kita. Oleh karena itu, jangan ada lagi pengusaha-pengusaha di Indonesia yang memiliki etika bisnis seperti Lippo. Lippo Group yang dikenal sebagai perusahaan besar di Indonesia saja  ternyata memiliki etika bisnis yang sangat buruk. Dengan kasus Suap KPPU sangat jelas telihat bahwa Billy Sindoro (tangan kanan Bos Lippo Group) menyuap M. Iqbal untuk mempengaruhi putusan KPPU dalam kasus dugaan monopoli Siaran Liga Inggris. Lippo ingin Astro Malaysia  tetap menyalurkan content ke PT Direct Vision (operator Astro Nusantara) meski Astro Malaysia tengah bersiteru dengan Lippo Group.

2. KASUS BANK LIPPO

Kasus Bank Lippo bermula dari terjadinya perbedaan laporan keuangan kuartal III Bank Lippo, antara yang dipublikasikan di media massa dan yang dilaporkan ke Bursa Efek Jakarta (BEJ). Dalam laporan yang dipublikasikan melalui media cetak pada 28 November 2002 disebutkan total aktiva perusahaan sebesar Rp 24 triliun dengan laba bersih Rp 98 miliar. Sementara dalam laporan ke BEJ tanggal 27 Desember 2002, total aktiva berkurang menjadi Rp 22,8 triliun dan rugi bersih (yang belum diaudit) menjadi Rp 1,3 triliun.

Rekayasa laporan keuangan dilakukan keluarga karena mereka memiliki agenda terselubung yaitu untuk kembali menguasai kepemilikan Bank Lippo. Rekayasa laporan keuangan tersebut dilakukan dengan cara melaporkan kerugian yang tidak terjadi, kerugian bank itu direkayasa melalui 2 cara yakni menurunkan nilai aset melalui valuasi yang dirancang sangat merugikan bank dan transfer aset kepada pihak terkait untuk menciptakan kerugian di pihak bank, tetapi menguntungkan pemilik lama.

Lippo Goup juga memiliki trik licik dalam bisnis yaitu dengan melakukan goreng saham. Selain penurunan nilai aset yang tidak rasional, manajemen Lippo juga merekayasa secara sistematis untuk menurunkan harga saham Bank Lippo di BEJ dengan cara “menggorengnya”. Akibatnya, harga saham turun drastis dari Rp 540 di bulan Agustus 2002 menjadi Rp 230 pada Februari 2003 (turun 50 persen lebih).

Cara “goreng saham”  dilakukan untuk memperbesar kepemilikan saham dari pemilik lama melalui right issue yang dipaksakan dalam harga pasar sangat rendah karena mereka mengetahui
pemerintah tidak bersedia membeli saham right issue (rekapitalisasi kedua) karena bertentangan dengan UU Propenas. Saham pemerintah menjadi terdilusi, sehingga kepemilikan saham menjadi dominan kembali hanya dengan dana yang kecil.

3.DUGAAN PENGGELAPAN PAJAK IM3

IM3 diduga melakukan penggelapan pajak dengan cara memanipulasi Surat Pemberitahuan Masa Pajak Pertambahan Nilai ( SPT Masa PPN) ke kantor pajak untuk tahun buku Desember 2001 dan Desember 2002. Jika pajak masukan lebih besar dari pajak keluaran, dapat direstitusi atau ditarik kembali. Karena itu, IM3 melakukan restitusi sebesar Rp 65,7 miliar.

750 penanam modal asing (PMA) terindikasi tidak membayar pajak dengan cara melaporkan rugi selama lima tahun terakhir secara berturut-turut. Dalam kasus ini terungkap bahwa pihak manajemen berkonspirasi dengan para pejabat tinggi negara dan otoritas terkait dalam melakukan penipuan akuntansi.
Manajemen juga melakukan konspirasi dengan auditor dari kantor akuntan publik dalam melakukan manipulasi laba yang menguntungkan dirinya dan korporasi, sehingga merugikan banyak pihak dan pemerintah. Kemungkinan telah terjadi mekanisme penyuapan (bribery) dalam kasus tersebut.

Pihak pemerintah dan DPR perlu segera membentuk tim auditor independen yang kompeten dan kredibel untuk melakukan audit investigatif atau audit forensik untuk membedah laporan keuangan dari 750 PMA yang tidak membayar pajak. Korporasi multinasional yang secara sengaja terbukti tidak memenuhi kewajiban ekonomi, hukum, dan sosialnya bisa dicabut izin operasinya dan dilarang beroperasi di negara berkembang.

4. ETIKA BISNIS ANTARA PERSAINGAN DAN PELANGGARAN SULE XL VS SULE AS

Perang provider cellular paling seru saat ini adalah antara XL dan Telkomsel berkali-kali kita dapat melihat iklan-iklan kartu XL dan Kartu Ass/Simpati/Telkomsel. Namun pada perang iklan yang satu ini, tergolong parah. Biasanya tidak ada bintang iklan yang pindah ke produk kompetitor selama jangka waktu kurang dari 6 bulan, namun pada kasus ini saat penayangan iklan XL masih diputar di televisi. Intinya mengenai kasus Sule yang menjadi bintang iklan pada dua produk kompetitor ada kesan bajak membajak model dan materi iklan

5. BENCI TAPI BELI: KASUS TIMOR (MOBNAS)

Benci tapi beli, proyek mobil Timor yang dikenal dengan proyek Mobnas (mobil nasional) oleh sebagian besar masyarakat Indonesia dianggap sebagai proyek penyelundupan hukum yang dilakukan secara terang-terangan, dan tentunya melakukan pelanggaran di berbagai bidang hukum, mulai dari perpajakan sampai kaedah hukum internasional yang terdapat di komitmen Indonesia di WTO (World Trade Organization). Namun, tidak dapat disangkal bahwa dibalik itu mobil Timor termasuk mobil yang laku di pasar.

6. EKSPLOITASI ANAK DALAM BISNIS – IKLAN, HIBURAN, FILM

Sementara hampir semua orang berteriak tentang perlindungan anak-anak, di televisi iklan yang menggunakan anak-anak semakin gencar. Eksploitasi anak masih merupakan hal yang sangat jarang diperhatikan di Indonesia, apalagi bagi para pelaku bisnis. Semakin maraknya iklan di televisi yang menggunakan anak, bahkan bayi, sebagai penarik konsumen, menandakan rancunya jalan pemikiran masyarakat dalam kaitannya dengan etika. Sebagian besar masyarakat belum dapat membedakan eksploitasi dengan pengejaran keuntungan yang tidak melanggar etika bisnis.

7. KONTES KAPANLAGI.COM’S FRIENDS

Sekitar bulan Juli 2008, Kapanlagi.com mengadakan kontes yang bertajuk, Kapanlagi.com’s Friends, (ikon Luna Maya) dengan hadiah total Rp. 50 juta bagi pemenang kontes, dan mengajak para blogger untuk memasang Banner Kapanlagi di blog masing-masing, maka banyak sekali blogger yang tertarik dan memasang banner Kapanlagi.com’s Friends, for free tentunya dengan harapan akan mendapatkan hadiah. Tapi sampai pada detik-detik terakhir dan lewat dari janji pengumuman pemenenang tanggal 20 desember 2008, tidak ada sedikit pun informasi yang dikeluarkan Kapanlagi.com mengenai kontes tersebut, maka timbulah kekecewaan dari para blogger, karena mereka telah kehilangan opportonity cost, bayangkan saja dengan menempel banner diblog selama 6 bulan, dengan banner yang cukup besar tentunya mereka kehilangan kesempatan mendapatkan uang dari pengiklan lain dengan jumlah lebih dari seratus juta rupiah.

Artikel hukum bisnis  tentang HAK CIPTA

Hak cipta adalah hak eksekutif bagi pencipta maupun penerima hak untuk mengumumkan atau memperbanyak ciptaannya maupun memberi izin untuk itu dengan tidak mengurangi pembatasan-pembatasan menurut perundang-undangan yang berlaku.

Yang dimaksud dengan pencipta adalah : Seseorang atau beberapa orang secara bersama-sama yang atas inspirasinya lahir suatu ciptaan berdasarkan kemampuan pikiran, imajinasi, kecakatan, keterampilan atau keahlian yang dituangkan dalam bentuk yang khas dan bersifat pribadi.

PEMEGANG HAK CIPTA DAN CIPTAAN

• Pemegang hak cipta adalah pencipta sebagai pemilik hak cipta atau pihak yang menerima hak tersebut dari pencipta atau pihak lain yang menerima lebih lanjut hak dari pihak tersebut di atas.
• Ciptaan adalah hasil setiap karya pencipta yang menunjukkan keasliannya dalam lapangan ilmu pengetahuan, seni atau sastra.
• Perlindungan suatu ciptaan timbul secara otomatis sejak ciptaan itu diwujudkan dalam bentuk yang nyata. Pendaftaran ciptaan tidak merupakan suatu keajaiban untuk mendapatkan hak cipta. Namun demikian, pencipta maupun pemegang hak cipta yang mendaftarkan ciptaannya akan mendapatkan surat pendaftaran ciptaan yang dapat dijadikan sebagai alat bukti awal di peradilan apabila timbul sengketa dikemudian hari terhadap ciptaan tersebut

DASAR PERLINDUNGAN HAK CIPTA

Undang-undang Hak Cipta (UUHC) pertama kali diatur dalam undang-undang No. 6 tahun 1982 tentang hak cipta. Kemudian diubah dengan undang-undang no. 7 tahun 1987. pada tahun 1997 diubah lagi dengan undang-undang no. 12 tahun 1997. di tahun 2002, UUHC kembali mengalami perubahan dan diatur dalam undang-undang no. 19 tahun 2002. beberapa peraturan pelaksanaan yang masih berlaku yaitu :

• Peraturan Pemerintah RI no. 14 tahun 1986 Jo Peraturan pemerintah RI no. 7 1989 tentang Dewan Hak Cipta
• Peraturan pemerintah RI no. 1 tahun 1989 tentang penerjemahan dan/atau perbanyakan ciptaan untuk kepentingan pendidikan, ilmu pengetahuan, penelitian dan pengembangan.
• Peraturan Menteri Kehakiman RI no. M.01-HC.03.01 tahun 1987 tentang pendaftaran hak cipta
• Keputusan Menteri Kehakiman RI no. M.04.PW.07.03 tahun 1988 tentang penyelidikan hak cipta

HAK MORAL DAN HAK EKONOMI

• Hak moral adalah hak yang melekat pada diri pencipta atau pelaku yang tidak dapat dihilangkan atau dihapus dengan alasan apapun, walaupun hak cipta atau hak terkait telah dialihkan.
• Hak ekonomi adalah hak-hak untuk mendapatkan manfaat ekonomi atas ciptaan serta produk hak terkait.
• Hak terkait adalah hak eksekutif yang berkaitan dengan hak cipta yaitu hak eksekutif bagi pelaku untuk memperbanyak atau menyiarkan petunjuknya; bagi produser rekaman suara untuk memperbanyak atau menyewakan karya rekaman suara atau rekaman bunyinya; dan bagi lembaga penyiaran untuk membuat, memperbanyak atau menyiarkan karya siarannya

PELANGGARAN HAK CIPTA

Suatu perbuatan yang dikatakan sebagai suatu pelanggaran hak cipta apabila perbuatan tersebut melanggar hak eksekutif pencipta atau pemegang hak cipta.
Perbuatan yang tidak dianggap sebagai pelanggaran hak cipta :

• Pengumuman dan/atau perbanyakan lambang negara dan lagu kebangsaaan menurut sifatnya yang asli
• Pengumuman dan/atau perbanyakan segala sesuatu yang diumumkan dan/atau diperbanyak oleh atau atas nama pemerintah, kecuali jika hak cipta itu dinyatakan dilindungi, baik dengan peraturan undang-undang maupun dengan pernyataan pada ciptaan itu sendiri atau ketika ciptaan itu diumumkan dan/atau diperbanyak
• Pengambilan berita aktual seluruhnya maupun sebagian dari kantor berita, lembaga penyiaran dan surat kabar atau sumber sejenis lain, dengan ketentuan sumbernya harus disebutkan secara lengkap.

KETENTUAN PIDANA DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG HAK CIPTA

Tindak pidana bidang hak cipta dikategorikan sebagai tindak kejahatan dan ancaman pidanannya diatur dalam pasal 77 yang berbunyi :

• Barang siapa dengan sengaja menyiarkan, memamerkan, atau menjual kepada umum suatu ciptaan atau barang hasil pelanggaran hak cipta atau hak terkait sebagai mana dimaksud (1) dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 (lima) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp. 500.000.000, 00 (lima ratus juta rupiah)
• Barang siapa dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak memperbanyak penggunaan untuk kepentingan komersial suatu program komputer dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 (lima) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp. 500.000.000, 00 (lima ratus juta rupiah)
• dan lain-lain

KESIMPULAN

Bahwa hak cipta di Indonesia sudah secara jelas di dalam UU – HC baik secara nasional maupun internasional
Untuk mendukung pelaksanaan UU tersebut maka ada beberapa hal yang sebaiknya dilakukan, yaitu :

1. Pemerintah sebaiknya harus lebih banyak melakukan sosialisasi dan punyuluhan kepada pihak-pihak yang bersangkutan dan masyarakat luas.
2. Aparat hukum harus lebih tegas dan bersungguh-sungguh dalam menindak para pelanggar hak cipta tanpa pandang bulu.
3. Masyarakat harus ikut berperan aktif dalam mendukung pelaksanaan UU Hak Cipta dan pemberantasan pelanggaran hak cipta.

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WOOD COMPOSITE POWDER PLASTIC RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY USE ALTERNATIVE WASTE WOOD AND PLASTIC INTRODUCTION BY ROSIDAH

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 WOOD COMPOSITE POWDER PLASTIC RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY USE ALTERNATIVE WASTE WOOD AND PLASTIC INTRODUCTION

 

March 30th, 2013 | Add a Comment

WOOD COMPOSITE POWDER PLASTIC RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY USE ALTERNATIVE WASTE WOOD AND PLASTIC
INTRODUCTION

Due to the unique nature and characteristics, wood is the material most widely used for construction purposes. The ever-increasing demand for wood and forest potential of dwindling demand the use of wood in an efficient and expedient, by utilizing such waste sawdust into useful products. On the other hand, along with the development of technology, the need for plastics continue to increase as a consequence, increased waste plastikpun inevitable. Waste plastic is a material that can not be decomposed by microorganisms decomposing (non-biodegradable), so penumpukkannya in nature feared to cause environmental problems.

Technological developments, particularly in the field of composite board, has produced a composite product which is a combination of sawdust with recycled plastic. The technology was developed in the early 1990s in Japan and the United States. With this technology it is possible utilization of sawdust and recycled plastic to the maximum, thus will reduce the amount of waste generated. In Indonesia, research on these products is limited, whereas raw material waste potential is enormous.
This paper will present a brief overview of the potential and utilization of wood waste, particularly sawdust, and plastic waste as a product of wood-plastic composite powder recycling.
POTENTIAL AND UTILIZATION OF WASTE WOOD POWDER

Human need for wood as building material for the purposes of construction, decoration, and furniture continues to increase along with the increase in population. Timber demand for the timber industry in Indonesia is estimated at 70 million m3 per year with an average of 14.2% per year while roundwood production estimated at 25 million m3 per year, so there was a deficit of 45 million m3 (Priyono, 2001). This suggests that the actual carrying capacity of the forest has been unable to meet the demand for wood. This situation is exacerbated by the presence komversi natural forests into agricultural land, shifting cultivation, forest fires, harvesting practices are not efisen and infrastructure development, followed by forest encroachment. These conditions require the use of wood in an efficient and prudent, among others, through the concept of the whole tree utilization, while increasing the use of non-wood berlignoselulosa, and the development of innovative products as a substitute for wood building materials.
Regrettably, to date harvesting and processing of timber in Indonesia still produces large amounts of waste. Purwanto et al, (1994) stated the composition of waste in harvesting and wood processing industry are as follows:
1. On timber harvesting, waste generally shaped logs, reaching 66.16%
2. In industrial sawmill wood waste sawdust covering 10.6 &. Sebetan 25.9% and 14.3% cuts, a total waste 50.8% of the total raw material digubakan
3. Industrial waste at the waste pieces of plywood covering 5.6%, 0.7% sawdust, 24.8% wet veneer waste, dry waste veneer peeling the remaining 12.6% 11.0% and a piece of plywood edges 6.3% . Total waste plywood for 61.0% of total raw materials used.
Data from the Ministry of Forestry and Plantations in 1999/2000 showed that Indonesia’s plywood production reached 4.61 million m3 of sawn timber while achieving 2.06 million m3. Assuming the waste generated is estimated to reach 61% of the wood waste generated reached more than 5 million m3 (CBS, 2000).
Wood waste in the form of pieces of logs and sebetan been used as the core block board and particle board material. The waste floured kergaji utilization is still not optimal. For large, integrated industrial, waste sawdust sawn been utilized as a form of charcoal briquettes and activated charcoal are sold commercially. But for the sawmilling industry small-scale industries, which accounted for thousands of units and the countryside, the waste has not been used optimally. An example is the industrial mills in Jambi, amounting to 150 pieces of which are located on the edge of the river Batang, sawn wood waste generated is dumped into the river, causing siltation and reduction process stream segment (Pari, 2002). In most of the wood processing industry waste sawdust are commonly used as furnace fuel, or burned away without meaningful use, which can cause environmental pollution (Febrianto, 1999). In order to efficient use of wood are needed to use sawdust into a more useful product.
FROM PLASTIC TO PLASTIC WASTE RECYCLING

Plastic name representing thousands of different physical properties of materials, mechanical, and chemical. Broadly speaking, the plastic can be classified into two major categories, namely plastics are thermoplastic and thermoset that is. Thermoplastic can be reshaped easily and processed into other forms, whereas when it has hardened types of thermosets can not be softened again. The most common plastic used in everyday life in the form of thermoplastic.
Along with the development of technology, the need for plastic continues to increase. BPS data in 1999 showed that the volume of trade of Indonesia’s imports of plastic, especially polypropylene (PP) in 1995 amounted to 136,122.7 tons, while in 1999 amounted to 182,523.6 tons, so that in this period there was an increase of 34.15%. The number is expected to continue to increase in subsequent years. As a consequence, an increase in waste plastikpun inevitable. According to Hartono (1998) the composition of the waste or plastic waste dumped by each household was 9.3% of total household waste. In Jabotabek average each plant produces one ton of plastic waste every week. That number will continue to grow, due to the properties owned plastics, among others, can not rot, do not decompose naturally, it can not absorb water, and can not rust, and eventually ended up being a problem for the environment. (YBP, 1986).
Utilization of waste plastics is an effort to suppress plastic waste to a minimum and within certain limits save resources and reduce dependence on imported raw materials. Utilization of waste plastics can be done with reuse (reuse) and recycling (recycle). In Indonesia, the use of plastic waste in the scale of general household usage is back with different purposes, for example, place a plastic paint used for pot or bucket. Reuse ugly side, particularly in the form of packaging is often used for product counterfeiting as it often happens in the big cities (Syafitrie, 2001).
Utilization of waste plastics for recycling is generally done by the industry. Generally, there are four requirements for a plastic waste can be processed by an industry, among others, certain wastes must be in the form as needed (seed, pellets, powder, pieces), the waste must be homogeneous, uncontaminated, and sought not oxidized. To overcome these problems, before use of plastic waste is processed through a simple step, the separation, cutting, washing, and removal of substances such as iron, and so on (Sasse et al., 1995).
There are things that benefit in the use of plastic waste in Indonesia compared to developed countries. This is possible because manual separation is considered not possible in developed countries, can be done in Indonesia, which has abundant labor so that the separation does not need to be done with advanced equipment that require high costs. These conditions allow the development of plastics recycling industry in Indonesia (Syafitrie, 2001).
Use of recycled plastic in the manufacture of plastic goods back has been growing rapidly. Almost all types of plastic waste (80%) can be processed back into the original item must be done despite mixing with new raw materials and additives to improve the quality (Syafitrie, 2001). According to Hartono (1998) four types of plastic waste are popular and sell well in the market, namely polyethylene (PE), High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and asoi.
UTILIZATION OF WASTE WOOD AND POWDER WOOD PLASTIC COMPOSITES AS PLASTIC RECYCLING

Composite wood is a term used to describe any product that is made from sheets or small pieces of wood glued together (Maloney, 1996). Referring to the definition above, composite wood powder composite plastic is made of plastic as a matrix and wood powder as filler (filler), which has properties of both. The addition of filler into the matrix aims to reduce density, increase stiffness and reduce the cost per unit volume. In terms of wood, with the polymer matrix inside the strength and physical properties will also increase (Febrianto, 1999).
Composite manufacturing using a matrix of plastic that has been recycled, in addition to improving the efficiency of wood utilization, can also reduce the load on plastic waste in addition to producing innovative products as a substitute for wood building materials. The advantages of this product include: cheaper production costs, abundant raw materials, flexible in the manufacturing process, low density, it is biodegradable (rather than plastic), possesses properties better than the original raw material, can be applied for various purposes, as well as can be recycled (recycleable). Some examples of the use of this product are as interior parts of vehicles (cars, trains, airplanes), furniture, or building components (windows, doors, walls, floors and bridges) (Febrianto, 1999: Youngquist, 1995).
Wood powder as Filler
Filler is added to the matrix in order to improve the mechanical properties of plastics through the deployment of effective stress between the fiber and the matrix (Han, 1990). Besides the addition of filler to reduce costs as well as improve some properties of its products.
Inorganic materials such as calcium carbonate, talc, mica, and fiberglass is the material most commonly used as a filler in the plastics industry. The addition of calcium carbonate, mica and talc may increase the strength of the plastic, but the weight of the product is also increased so that the transportation costs would be higher. In addition, calcium carbonate and talc are abrasive to equipment used, thereby shortening the service life. The addition of fiberglass to increase the strength of the product but the price is very expensive. Therefore the use of organic materials, such as wood filler in the plastics industry began to receive attention. In Indonesia, the potential for very large timber as a filler, especially the utilization of waste sawdust is still not optimal.
According Strak and Berger (1997), sawdust has advantages as a filler when compared to filler minerals such as mica, calcium carbonate, and talc are: process temperature is lower (less than 400 º F) thereby reducing energy costs, can be degraded naturally, weight species are much lower, so the cheaper the cost per volume, low geseknya style so not to damage equipment on the manufacturing process, and comes from renewable sources
Some factors to consider in the use of sawdust as a filler in the manufacture of wood plastic composite is a type of wood, the size ratio between powder and sawdust and plastic. Another thing to consider is the nature of wood dust itself. Wood is a material composed mostly of cellulose (40-50%), hemicellulose (20-30%), lignin (20-30%), and small amounts of inorganic materials and extractive. Therefore hydrophilic wood, rigid, and can be biologically degraded. The properties of the wood causes less suitable when combined with plastic, because it is in the manufacture of wood-plastic composites required assistance coupling agent (Febrianto, 1999).
Plastic Recycling In The Matrix
In Indonesia, most of the recycled plastic used again as the original product with lower quality. Use of recycled plastic as a construction material is still very rare. In the 1980s, the UK and Italy have been recycled plastic used to make telephone poles instead of wooden poles or iron. In Sweden recycled plastic used to manufacture the plastic brick multistory buildings, because lighter and more powerful than common brick (YBP, 1986).
Use of recycled plastic in the field of composite wood in Indonesia is still limited at the research stage. There are two strategies in the manufacture of wood composites by using plastic, plastic first used as a binder, while the wood as the main component, the second used wood filler / filler and a plastic matrix. Research on the use of recycled polypropylene plastic as a substitute for thermoset adhesives in the manufacture of particle board made by Febrianto et al (2001). Particle board product produced has dimensional stability and high mechanical strength compared to conventional particle boards. Research recycled plastic as wood plastic composite matrix made Setyawati (2003) and Sulaeman (2003) by using recycled polypropylene plastic. In the manufacture of wood plastic composite recycling, some thermoplastic polymers can be used as a matrix, but is limited by low temperature decomposition beginning and heating wood (approximately 200 ° C).
Making Process
Basically composite manufacturing recycled plastic wood powder not unlike the plastic matrix composites with pure. These composites can be made through the process one stage, two-stage process, and the continuous process. At one stage of the process, all the raw materials mixed first manually and then entered into the tool pengadon (kneader) and processed to produce a composite product. In the two-stage process of modified plastic raw materials first, then filler mixed together in the kneader and formed into a composite. The combination of these stages is known as a continuous process. In this process the raw materials incorporated gradually and sequentially in a kneader and then processed through a composite product (Han and Shiraishi, 1990). Generally a two-stage process produces a better product than the one stage, but the process takes one step shorter.
Diagram of basic manufacturing process is presented in Figure 1.
Preparation of filler

In principle the preparation of filler intended to get sawdust or wood flour size and uniform moisture content. The more fine powders greater the contact surface between the matriknya filler, so the products become more homogeneous. However, if the terms of decorative composite powder size larger will produce a better appearance because the distribution of the powder timber provides its own value.
Preparation of Recycled Plastic
Waste plastics are grouped according to the type of plastic (polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and so on). Once cleaned, the waste is chopped to reduce the size, then heated to its melting point, then processed to form a pellet. Before being used as a composite matrix made analysts differential thermal (DTA). In the two-stage process, the pellets diblending first by serving as a coupling agent in the manufacture of composite compatibilizer.
Blending (Pengadonan)
The stages in this pengadonan adapted to the process used, one stage, two-stage, or continuous. According to Han (1990) pengadonan conditions are most influential in the manufacture of composites is the temperature, rotation rate, and time pengadonan.
The formation of composite
After the mixing is complete, the sample is directly incurred to molded into sheets with heat presses. Compression performed for 2.5 – 3 minutes with a pressure of 100 kgf/cm2 for 30 seconds at a temperature of 170 º C – 190 º C. After cold compression at the same pressure for 30 seconds, the sheet is then cooled at room temperature.
Testing of Composites
Composite testing conducted to determine whether the product meets the requirements specified for a particular use. Type adapted to the needs of testing, testing fterhadap generally includes physical properties, mechanical, and thermal composites.
Composite of high quality can only be achieved if the sawdust is well distributed in the matrix. In fact, the affinity of wood with a plastic powder is very low because the wood is hydrophilic, while the plastic is hydrophobic. As a result, the composite is formed has a drainage properties and low moldability and in turn can reduce the strength of materials (Han, 1990).
The results of research
Studies that have been and are being conducted aiming to produce wood plastic composite with the best properties. Han (1990), Stark and Berger (1997), and Oksman and Clemons (1997), examines the factors that play an important role in the manufacture of wood plastic composite powder, the type and form of raw material, wood species, the ratio of filler to the matrix, type and compatibilizer levels, as well as the conditions at the time of pengadonan. The results show that to some extent an increase in strength of the composite with the smaller size of the powder used, as well as the type, ratio of sawdust and plastic, as well as the type of wood moisture content significantly affect the properties of the resulting composites. The addition of compatibilizer to a certain extent affect both the strength of the composite.
Research on wood plastic composite mostly still use plastic purely as a matrix. Research using recycled matrix, performed by Setyawati (2003), Sulaeman (2003) by using recycled polypropylene. The results of the study are summarized as follows:
Setyawati (2003) examined the effect of the size ratio of sawdust to the matrix and compatibilizer content on physical and mechanical properties of polypropylene wood composite recycling. The results showed a similar pattern with a composite that uses pure polypropylene, the properties of the composites increased with increasing particle size and smoothness. Sawdust ratio of 50:50 with a matrix with the addition of 2.5% MAH as compatibilizer is accompanied by the addition of initiator produces optimal composite force, as well as physical properties sufficient.
Sulaeman (2003), examined the deterioration of wood plastic composite recycled polypropylene by weather and termites. The results showed a composite of recycled plastic lumber can be degraded by weather, but resistant to termite attack.
Research The Moderate / Will Do
Research and testing of wood plastic composite so far has been in the form of thin sheets, so the test is still based on testing plastics. Currently Sutrisno (personal communication) is conducting research on the properties of recycled wood plastic composite in the form of small clear specimen so testing is directed to the possible use of composites instead of wood.
Future studies will lead to the determination of the wood plastic composite board manufacturing the best and the quality of composite board with pre-treatment on the filler, the selection of modifier / compatibilizer, the initiator, the determination of process variables, and the use of materials other than wood berlignoselulosa (research plan) .

CLOSING
Manufacture of composite products sawdust and recycled plastic is one alternative to the use of waste wood and plastic, in order to improve the efficiency of wood utilization, reducing the environmental load of the plastic waste and to produce innovative products as a substitute for wood building materials. The development of these products in the future will hopefully have a positive impact, not only limited to industrial development and foreign exchange savings, but also improve the quality of the environment

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Hawaii Molasses Spill: Better or Worse Than Oil? BY Muhamad Adietya Kelas : XII RPL 3 No. abs : 14

Kam,19 Sep2013 pada 23:54

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Hawaii Molasses Spill: Better or Worse Than Oil?

It takes time and a little organic chemistry to scrub molasses from seawater.

An environmental cleanup crew scoops a dead eel out of Keehi Lagoon after a massive molasses spill from a Matson cargo ship in Honolulu, Hawaii, September 12 ,2013.

A dark, viscous liquid seeps through the ocean.

An oil spill? No, it's molasses—and it has created an environmental catastrophe that so far has killed thousands of fish that dwelled in Honolulu Harbor.

Last week, a pipeline owned by shipping magnate Matson carrying molasses from Hawaii to cargo ships bound for California leaked as much as 233,000 gallons of molasses into the waters of Honolulu Harbor. The amount is equivalent to more than 5,500 barrels of oil.

Hawaii state officials said there was little they could do to clean up the spill, warning the public to stay out of water in the area. Matson pledged to cover costs associated with the spill response.

Sticky, But Soluble

The density of the molasses proved immediately deadly for the harbor's marine life, which suffocated as the sticky substance sank to the ocean floor. (Thisvideo graphically shows the destructive nature of the molasses.) But at least one aspect of the composition of molasses could mean the environmental impact is less than that of an oil spill.

The sugar in the molasses may help restore the harbor to its previous state, says Grieg Steward, associate professor of oceanography at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa and a researcher who has been involved with monitoring the water chemistry of the harbor after the spill.

"Sucrose is table sugar, and it's something even we can degrade," Steward said. "We oxidize that carbon and turn it into carbon dioxide."

Bacteria acts as an indicator for the cleanup, removing oxygen from the water and producing carbon dioxide, creating an environment that will help resident bacteria absorb the spill. Bacteria have been multiplying due to the presence of molasses.

"When you add this molasses, which is rich in the organic material [that bacteria] can easily digest, they grow more quickly," Steward said. "The elevated abundance and growth rates we are seeing are good in the sense that it means the bacteria are responding and helping to clean up."

Molasses has another advantage that will help the ocean absorb the spill's impact: Whereas everyone knows that oil and water do not mix, molasses and water do—at least scientifically.

"It's an issue of surface area," Steward said. "If you have globs or clumps of oil droplets, and if they're not dissolved in water, it makes it harder for the bacteria to access. There are fewer types of bacteria that can degenerate the compounds found in oils." (See related story: "As Arctic Melts, a Race to Test Oil-Spill Cleanup Technology."

Steward sums up the difference between an oil spill and a molasses spill: "A molasses spill can be cleaned up faster by natural processes, not only because molasses dissolves in water, but because so many bacteria can digest sugars. Only specialized types of bacteria can break down oil."

The Boston Molasses Disaster

The molasses spill has caught both the state and Matson, which admitted it had no contingency plan for such an event, off guard. But the spill is not without precedent.

In 1919, a huge storage tank exploded on an unusually warm January day, flooding the streets of Boston with 2.3 million gallons of molasses.

A destroyed elevated train structure.

Photograph from Bettmann/Corbis

In retrospect, the Boston Molasses Disaster, as it came to be called, was in some ways worse than the molasses in Honolulu Harbor.

"When you look at it, [the spill in Honolulu Harbor] was one-tenth the size of the molasses spill," Stephen Puleo, author of Dark Tide, a historical account of the disaster, which killed 21 people and injured 150.

The molasses rushed through the streets at 35 miles an hour, creating a swath of destruction.

"It pick[ed] up carts, automobiles, animals, horses, rats, anything in its path," Puleo said. "A little over 20 horses were killed, some in the initial flood, some shot [by police] to put them out of their misery since they were so enmeshed in molasses."

The molasses that spilled in Boston wasn't the type you could just buy off grocery shelves. Previously used as an ingredient in rum, molasses had become a key input in industrial products like turpentine, paint thinner, and lacquer dyes.

The molasses in Honolulu Harbor is of similar composition, which might slow the recovery, according to Steward.

"This particular type of molasses is more depleted of sugar than the molasses you buy in the store," he said.

Less sugar means less of the carbon that aids the bacterial process—and more time for recovery.

Still, molasses with a lower sugar content is easier—and quicker—for sea environments to rebound from than oil, though the aftereffects are similar.

"There's a localized dead zone [because the carbon is consuming the oxygen]," Steward said. "That area has moved to the west of Honolulu Harbor. It's working its way out to sea and the bacteria is breaking it down. The currents are moving it out."

"Letting Nature Take Its Course"

In 1919, Puleo said, a firefighter's idea to dilute the Boston molasses spill with neighboring seawater helped ease cleanup.

"They pumped millions of gallons into Boston Harbor, which was stained brown for months," he said. "That was a huge, monumental effort. All of the damage on the North End side was probably a six-month cleanup."

The options for officials in Hawaii are limited, and efforts to speed the harbor's recovery can sometimes be problematic.

"What we've learned from oil spills is that trying to help the process can do more damage than letting nature take its course," Steward said, stressing that it might make sense to not overdo the recovery process.

One possibility is to pump oxygen into the water to allow animals to breathe—a possibility if the problem persists. But natural processes seem to be doing well, and experts are wary of introducing more oxygen into the local ecosystem.

Steward is sad about the loss of marine life, but remains optimistic.

"I have high hopes," he said. "It's a matter of time. It looks devastating, essentially wiping out everything. So it is pretty bleak at the bottom right now. But because of the nature of the compound, in the long term, it's going to clean itself up, and [do so] more quickly than an oil spill."

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AN ARTICLE ABOUT ENVIRONTMENT WOOD COMPOSITE POWDER PLASTIC RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY USE ALTERNATIVE WASTE WOOD AND PLASTIC INTRODUCTION BY DEWI EKA F

Jum,20 Sep2013 pada 7:49

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WOOD COMPOSITE POWDER PLASTIC RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY USE ALTERNATIVE WASTE WOOD AND PLASTIC
INTRODUCTION

Due to the unique nature and characteristics, wood is the material most widely used for construction purposes. The ever-increasing demand for wood and forest potential of dwindling demand the use of wood in an efficient and expedient, by utilizing such waste sawdust into useful products. On the other hand, along with the development of technology, the need for plastics continue to increase as a consequence, increased waste plastikpun inevitable. Waste plastic is a material that can not be decomposed by microorganisms decomposing (non-biodegradable), so penumpukkannya in nature feared to cause environmental problems.

Technological developments, particularly in the field of composite board, has produced a composite product which is a combination of sawdust with recycled plastic. The technology was developed in the early 1990s in Japan and the United States. With this technology it is possible utilization of sawdust and recycled plastic to the maximum, thus will reduce the amount of waste generated. In Indonesia, research on these products is limited, whereas raw material waste potential is enormous.

This paper will present a brief overview of the potential and utilization of wood waste, particularly sawdust, and plastic waste as a product of wood-plastic composite powder recycling.

POTENTIAL AND UTILIZATION OF WASTE WOOD POWDER

Human need for wood as building material for the purposes of construction, decoration, and furniture continues to increase along with the increase in population. Timber demand for the timber industry in Indonesia is estimated at 70 million m3 per year with an average of 14.2% per year while roundwood production estimated at 25 million m3 per year, so there was a deficit of 45 million m3 (Priyono, 2001). This suggests that the actual carrying capacity of the forest has been unable to meet the demand for wood. This situation is exacerbated by the presence komversi natural forests into agricultural land, shifting cultivation, forest fires, harvesting practices are not efisen and infrastructure development, followed by forest encroachment. These conditions require the use of wood in an efficient and prudent, among others, through the concept of the whole tree utilization, while increasing the use of non-wood berlignoselulosa, and the development of innovative products as a substitute for wood building materials.

Regrettably, to date harvesting and processing of timber in Indonesia still produces large amounts of waste. Purwanto et al, (1994) stated the composition of waste in harvesting and wood processing industry are as follows:

1. On timber harvesting, waste generally shaped logs, reaching 66.16%

2. In industrial sawmill wood waste sawdust covering 10.6 &. Sebetan 25.9% and 14.3% cuts, a total waste 50.8% of the total raw material digubakan

3. Industrial waste at the waste pieces of plywood covering 5.6%, 0.7% sawdust, 24.8% wet veneer waste, dry waste veneer peeling the remaining 12.6% 11.0% and a piece of plywood edges 6.3% . Total waste plywood for 61.0% of total raw materials used.

Data from the Ministry of Forestry and Plantations in 1999/2000 showed that Indonesia’s plywood production reached 4.61 million m3 of sawn timber while achieving 2.06 million m3. Assuming the waste generated is estimated to reach 61% of the wood waste generated reached more than 5 million m3 (CBS, 2000).

Wood waste in the form of pieces of logs and sebetan been used as the core block board and particle board material. The waste floured kergaji utilization is still not optimal. For large, integrated industrial, waste sawdust sawn been utilized as a form of charcoal briquettes and activated charcoal are sold commercially. But for the sawmilling industry small-scale industries, which accounted for thousands of units and the countryside, the waste has not been used optimally. An example is the industrial mills in Jambi, amounting to 150 pieces of which are located on the edge of the river Batang, sawn wood waste generated is dumped into the river, causing siltation and reduction process stream segment (Pari, 2002). In most of the wood processing industry waste sawdust are commonly used as furnace fuel, or burned away without meaningful use, which can cause environmental pollution (Febrianto, 1999). In order to efficient use of wood are needed to use sawdust into a more useful product.

FROM PLASTIC TO PLASTIC WASTE RECYCLING

Plastic name representing thousands of different physical properties of materials, mechanical, and chemical. Broadly speaking, the plastic can be classified into two major categories, namely plastics are thermoplastic and thermoset that is. Thermoplastic can be reshaped easily and processed into other forms, whereas when it has hardened types of thermosets can not be softened again. The most common plastic used in everyday life in the form of thermoplastic.

Along with the development of technology, the need for plastic continues to increase. BPS data in 1999 showed that the volume of trade of Indonesia’s imports of plastic, especially polypropylene (PP) in 1995 amounted to 136,122.7 tons, while in 1999 amounted to 182,523.6 tons, so that in this period there was an increase of 34.15%. The number is expected to continue to increase in subsequent years. As a consequence, an increase in waste plastikpun inevitable. According to Hartono (1998) the composition of the waste or plastic waste dumped by each household was 9.3% of total household waste. In Jabotabek average each plant produces one ton of plastic waste every week. That number will continue to grow, due to the properties owned plastics, among others, can not rot, do not decompose naturally, it can not absorb water, and can not rust, and eventually ended up being a problem for the environment. (YBP, 1986).

Utilization of waste plastics is an effort to suppress plastic waste to a minimum and within certain limits save resources and reduce dependence on imported raw materials. Utilization of waste plastics can be done with reuse (reuse) and recycling (recycle). In Indonesia, the use of plastic waste in the scale of general household usage is back with different purposes, for example, place a plastic paint used for pot or bucket. Reuse ugly side, particularly in the form of packaging is often used for product counterfeiting as it often happens in the big cities (Syafitrie, 2001).

Utilization of waste plastics for recycling is generally done by the industry. Generally, there are four requirements for a plastic waste can be processed by an industry, among others, certain wastes must be in the form as needed (seed, pellets, powder, pieces), the waste must be homogeneous, uncontaminated, and sought not oxidized. To overcome these problems, before use of plastic waste is processed through a simple step, the separation, cutting, washing, and removal of substances such as iron, and so on (Sasse et al., 1995).

There are things that benefit in the use of plastic waste in Indonesia compared to developed countries. This is possible because manual separation is considered not possible in developed countries, can be done in Indonesia, which has abundant labor so that the separation does not need to be done with advanced equipment that require high costs. These conditions allow the development of plastics recycling industry in Indonesia (Syafitrie, 2001).

Use of recycled plastic in the manufacture of plastic goods back has been growing rapidly. Almost all types of plastic waste (80%) can be processed back into the original item must be done despite mixing with new raw materials and additives to improve the quality (Syafitrie, 2001). According to Hartono (1998) four types of plastic waste are popular and sell well in the market, namely polyethylene (PE), High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and asoi.

UTILIZATION OF WASTE WOOD AND POWDER WOOD PLASTIC COMPOSITES AS PLASTIC RECYCLING

Composite wood is a term used to describe any product that is made from sheets or small pieces of wood glued together (Maloney, 1996). Referring to the definition above, composite wood powder composite plastic is made of plastic as a matrix and wood powder as filler (filler), which has properties of both. The addition of filler into the matrix aims to reduce density, increase stiffness and reduce the cost per unit volume. In terms of wood, with the polymer matrix inside the strength and physical properties will also increase (Febrianto, 1999).

Composite manufacturing using a matrix of plastic that has been recycled, in addition to improving the efficiency of wood utilization, can also reduce the load on plastic waste in addition to producing innovative products as a substitute for wood building materials. The advantages of this product include: cheaper production costs, abundant raw materials, flexible in the manufacturing process, low density, it is biodegradable (rather than plastic), possesses properties better than the original raw material, can be applied for various purposes, as well as can be recycled (recycleable). Some examples of the use of this product are as interior parts of vehicles (cars, trains, airplanes), furniture, or building components (windows, doors, walls, floors and bridges) (Febrianto, 1999: Youngquist, 1995).
Wood powder as Filler

Filler is added to the matrix in order to improve the mechanical properties of plastics through the deployment of effective stress between the fiber and the matrix (Han, 1990). Besides the addition of filler to reduce costs as well as improve some properties of its products.

Inorganic materials such as calcium carbonate, talc, mica, and fiberglass is the material most commonly used as a filler in the plastics industry. The addition of calcium carbonate, mica and talc may increase the strength of the plastic, but the weight of the product is also increased so that the transportation costs would be higher. In addition, calcium carbonate and talc are abrasive to equipment used, thereby shortening the service life. The addition of fiberglass to increase the strength of the product but the price is very expensive. Therefore the use of organic materials, such as wood filler in the plastics industry began to receive attention. In Indonesia, the potential for very large timber as a filler, especially the utilization of waste sawdust is still not optimal.

According Strak and Berger (1997), sawdust has advantages as a filler when compared to filler minerals such as mica, calcium carbonate, and talc are: process temperature is lower (less than 400 º F) thereby reducing energy costs, can be degraded naturally, weight species are much lower, so the cheaper the cost per volume, low geseknya style so not to damage equipment on the manufacturing process, and comes from renewable sources

Some factors to consider in the use of sawdust as a filler in the manufacture of wood plastic composite is a type of wood, the size ratio between powder and sawdust and plastic. Another thing to consider is the nature of wood dust itself. Wood is a material composed mostly of cellulose (40-50%), hemicellulose (20-30%), lignin (20-30%), and small amounts of inorganic materials and extractive. Therefore hydrophilic wood, rigid, and can be biologically degraded. The properties of the wood causes less suitable when combined with plastic, because it is in the manufacture of wood-plastic composites required assistance coupling agent (Febrianto, 1999).
Plastic Recycling In The Matrix

In Indonesia, most of the recycled plastic used again as the original product with lower quality. Use of recycled plastic as a construction material is still very rare. In the 1980s, the UK and Italy have been recycled plastic used to make telephone poles instead of wooden poles or iron. In Sweden recycled plastic used to manufacture the plastic brick multistory buildings, because lighter and more powerful than common brick (YBP, 1986).

Use of recycled plastic in the field of composite wood in Indonesia is still limited at the research stage. There are two strategies in the manufacture of wood composites by using plastic, plastic first used as a binder, while the wood as the main component, the second used wood filler / filler and a plastic matrix. Research on the use of recycled polypropylene plastic as a substitute for thermoset adhesives in the manufacture of particle board made by Febrianto et al (2001). Particle board product produced has dimensional stability and high mechanical strength compared to conventional particle boards. Research recycled plastic as wood plastic composite matrix made Setyawati (2003) and Sulaeman (2003) by using recycled polypropylene plastic. In the manufacture of wood plastic composite recycling, some thermoplastic polymers can be used as a matrix, but is limited by low temperature decomposition beginning and heating wood (approximately 200 ° C).

Making Process

Basically composite manufacturing recycled plastic wood powder not unlike the plastic matrix composites with pure. These composites can be made through the process one stage, two-stage process, and the continuous process. At one stage of the process, all the raw materials mixed first manually and then entered into the tool pengadon (kneader) and processed to produce a composite product. In the two-stage process of modified plastic raw materials first, then filler mixed together in the kneader and formed into a composite. The combination of these stages is known as a continuous process. In this process the raw materials incorporated gradually and sequentially in a kneader and then processed through a composite product (Han and Shiraishi, 1990). Generally a two-stage process produces a better product than the one stage, but the process takes one step shorter.
Diagram of basic manufacturing process is presented in Figure 1.

Preparation of filler

In principle the preparation of filler intended to get sawdust or wood flour size and uniform moisture content. The more fine powders greater the contact surface between the matriknya filler, so the products become more homogeneous. However, if the terms of decorative composite powder size larger will produce a better appearance because the distribution of the powder timber provides its own value.

Preparation of Recycled Plastic

Waste plastics are grouped according to the type of plastic (polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and so on). Once cleaned, the waste is chopped to reduce the size, then heated to its melting point, then processed to form a pellet. Before being used as a composite matrix made analysts differential thermal (DTA). In the two-stage process, the pellets diblending first by serving as a coupling agent in the manufacture of composite compatibilizer.
Blending (Pengadonan)

The stages in this pengadonan adapted to the process used, one stage, two-stage, or continuous. According to Han (1990) pengadonan conditions are most influential in the manufacture of composites is the temperature, rotation rate, and time pengadonan.
The formation of composite

After the mixing is complete, the sample is directly incurred to molded into sheets with heat presses. Compression performed for 2.5 – 3 minutes with a pressure of 100 kgf/cm2 for 30 seconds at a temperature of 170 º C – 190 º C. After cold compression at the same pressure for 30 seconds, the sheet is then cooled at room temperature.
Testing of Composites

Composite testing conducted to determine whether the product meets the requirements specified for a particular use. Type adapted to the needs of testing, testing fterhadap generally includes physical properties, mechanical, and thermal composites.

Composite of high quality can only be achieved if the sawdust is well distributed in the matrix. In fact, the affinity of wood with a plastic powder is very low because the wood is hydrophilic, while the plastic is hydrophobic. As a result, the composite is formed has a drainage properties and low moldability and in turn can reduce the strength of materials (Han, 1990).
The results of research

Studies that have been and are being conducted aiming to produce wood plastic composite with the best properties. Han (1990), Stark and Berger (1997), and Oksman and Clemons (1997), examines the factors that play an important role in the manufacture of wood plastic composite powder, the type and form of raw material, wood species, the ratio of filler to the matrix, type and compatibilizer levels, as well as the conditions at the time of pengadonan. The results show that to some extent an increase in strength of the composite with the smaller size of the powder used, as well as the type, ratio of sawdust and plastic, as well as the type of wood moisture content significantly affect the properties of the resulting composites. The addition of compatibilizer to a certain extent affect both the strength of the composite.

Research on wood plastic composite mostly still use plastic purely as a matrix. Research using recycled matrix, performed by Setyawati (2003), Sulaeman (2003) by using recycled polypropylene. The results of the study are summarized as follows:

Setyawati (2003) examined the effect of the size ratio of sawdust to the matrix and compatibilizer content on physical and mechanical properties of polypropylene wood composite recycling. The results showed a similar pattern with a composite that uses pure polypropylene, the properties of the composites increased with increasing particle size and smoothness. Sawdust ratio of 50:50 with a matrix with the addition of 2.5% MAH as compatibilizer is accompanied by the addition of initiator produces optimal composite force, as well as physical properties sufficient.

Sulaeman (2003), examined the deterioration of wood plastic composite recycled polypropylene by weather and termites. The results showed a composite of recycled plastic lumber can be degraded by weather, but resistant to termite attack.

Research The Moderate / Will Do

Research and testing of wood plastic composite so far has been in the form of thin sheets, so the test is still based on testing plastics. Currently Sutrisno (personal communication) is conducting research on the properties of recycled wood plastic composite in the form of small clear specimen so testing is directed to the possible use of composites instead of wood.

Future studies will lead to the determination of the wood plastic composite board manufacturing the best and the quality of composite board with pre-treatment on the filler, the selection of modifier / compatibilizer, the initiator, the determination of process variables, and the use of materials other than wood berlignoselulosa (research plan) .

CLOSING

Manufacture of composite products sawdust and recycled plastic is one alternative to the use of waste wood and plastic, in order to improve the efficiency of wood utilization, reducing the environmental load of the plastic waste and to produce innovative products as a substitute for wood building materials. The development of these products in the future will hopefully have a positive impact, not only limited to industrial development and foreign exchange savings, but also improve the quality of the environment.

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EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING – BENEFITS AND DANGERS BY Rifki wahyu Y No : 24 Kelas : XII RPL 3

Jum,20 Sep2013 pada 8:10

8:10

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No : 24

Kelas : XII RPL 3

 

EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING – BENEFITS AND DANGERS

When you hear about the effects of global warming it is important to understand that the effects we are experiencing today are moderate compared to what the future will see if we do not take preventative action. Over the next century researchers and environmental professionals are stating that the effects of global warming will continue on a constant inclined curve. Temperatures heating up a little bit each decade until the earth’s temperatures reach the sweltering levels that we experienced in history. Scientists believe that the earth’s temperatures will rise between 2-9 degrees Fahrenheit by 2050.

The Arctic and the earth’s northern latitudes will feel the most of the effects of global warming as they continue to escalate. As the Arctic packs and glaciers begin to melt from the increased temperatures the tundra and seas surrounding the areas will continue to absorb the warmth which was once reflected back into space. Climate models show that if temperatures throughout the rest of the world rise to 3 degrees Fahrenheit they will more than likely rise to at least 7 degrees Fahrenheit in the Arctic. From this the oceans throughout the world will become full with melting glaciers and ice from the Arctic likely to rise by at least 3ft.

As the temperatures continue to rise this will force the ocean to evaporate quicker and therefore more rainfall will be experienced. The problem with this effect is that the rainfall may hit areas of the world which do not need it at all causing massive floods and monsoons. Subtropical areas like India are expected to be the target of this particular effect of global warming. On the other hand it is safe to say that droughts are going to be more of a problem than flooding.

There are predictions that the future effects of global warming may have its benefits as well. In the northern part of the world such as Canada, the warmer temperatures will mean longer growing seasons and more rainfall. This of course then will put an end to any food shortage that may be occurring and provide a new sense of prosperity to countries throughout the world which have been struggling to survive.

Many of the changes and effects listed above are already taking place today on a smaller scale of course. Sea levels are rising due to thermal expansion of the ocean, in addition to melting of land ice. Amounts and patterns of precipitation are changing as well but only slightly in comparison to what has been predicted for the future. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns increase the frequency and intensity of other extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, heat waves, and tornadoes.

Other effects of global warming include higher or lower agricultural yields, further glacial retreat, reduced summer stream flows and species extinctions. As a further effect of global warming, diseases like malaria are returning into areas where they have been extinguished earlier. This is only the beginning of the effects global warming can have on our earth. As the greenhouse gases continue to increase and enter the atmosphere these effects are only going to increase in severity making it harder and harder to maintain our quality of life.

Many people find it hard to believe that the effects of global warming can become as severe as scientists are predicting but the patterns support these theories. When you read studies comparing today’s weather to weather 20years ago there are already signs proving the effects of global warming. Pay attention to the weather today and the severe weather being reported from all over the world and you will begin to see the effects within your own life as well.

We can all do our part to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases within our atmosphere. No matter how small the act might be (saving electricity, conserving fuels, etc) every action makes a difference when we are all making these eco-smart decisions. There are no doubts that the effects of global warming are only going to persist and increase if we do not do something today. The fact is that even if greenhouse emission gases were completely eliminated today it will still take years to eliminate the threats of global warming. This is why it is so important to do what we can today!

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SELF MOTIVATION BY supriyanto kelas :x11 rpl 2 no :32

Jum,20 Sep2013 pada 9:14

9:14

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nama : supriyanto
kelas :x11 rpl 2
no :32
Motivation self


Here are top ten shifts in perspective that can help you move your
life to the next level. This self improvement article will assist you
in breaking through your own glass ceiling to create the life you
really want.

1. Give yourself permission to dream. You probably had no problem
dreaming as a kid. What happened to your ability to imagine and dream
about what you want and who you want to be? When was the last time you
caught yourself daydreaming and appreciated it?

2. Stop looking outside yourself for happiness. Look inside. Increase
your self-awareness. Get curious about who you are at the core.
Cultivate and nurture a relationship with yourself.

3. Cover the basics. Take the time to address your personal needs. How
can you focus on thriving in your life if you are in survival mode?
Set up that meeting with a financial advisor, get your space
organized, clean up the details that are wasting your energy.

4. Embrace your past and move on. Shift from “why it happened” to what
I want to do about it now. Asking “why” is not a very empowering
question. Asking what or how I want to proceed can be much more
powerful and produce forward movement.

5. Remember that you are not alone. It is easy to feel overwhelmed
with life. Seek support. Read more self improvement articles. They
might help you figure about some things that are puzzling you.

6. Remember gratitude. Count your blessings. What is working right in
you life? Make a list. Set aside a bit of time everyday to acknowledge
what or who you are grateful for. The more you practice gratitude, the
more you attract into your life things to be grateful for.

7. Court your passion. You still have your passions though it has been
a while since you may have felt it flow. When are you the most alive
and joyful in your life? Who do you most admire and what do they
inspire in you?

8. Take action and take a risk. All the inspiration in the world is
not enough to make you move your life to the next level. It takes
inspired action to do that.

9. Keep breathing. You probably forget to take deep full breaths. We
have all learned to constrict our breathing in response to stress.
According to many self improvement articles, we not only need oxygen
to stay alive, we need oxygen to give us energy and keep us healthy.
Right now take 5 deep, full breaths.

10. Have fun. Call a friend, take a bubble bath, take yourself to an
art museum or schedule a whole day out in nature. Put on some great
music and dance till you drop.

And I word that I will say to you is old is sure adult is choise !

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