1.
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PRESENT
TENSE
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Merupakan
kegiatan yang biasa dilakukan ket waktu al. dengan every
He , she ,it dengan Verb s . You We They
dengan V pertama.
Kalimat
negatip. He , she , it dengan does not. You We They dengan do not
Contoh
1 : Toni (he) swims with his friend
everyday—Toni does not swim
with.......
(ingat
pada kalimat negatip setelah pakai does not gunakan V (verb) pertama)
.Contoh
2 : We play football in the yard------ We do not play football in the yard.
(ingat
untuk you, we, they dan I gunakan V pertama dan negatipnya dengan do not V pertama)
Soal
: Supply the correct Present Form in the following blanks:
a.
Katy ( speak) English everyday.
b.
We (eat) humbergers at school.
c.
This machine (work) well.
Kunci: a. speaks. B eat.
C. works
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2
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PRESENT
CONTINUOUE TENSE
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Merupakan
pernyataan bahwa kegiatan sedang berlangsung, ket waktu al dng now
He
, she , it ‘ to be dengan is plus V ing , you we they dengan are dan I dengan
am plus V ing.
Kalimat
negatipnya tinggal menambah not di
belakang to be
Contoh
1. : Adin is reading a book in the room
now.--- Adin is not reading......
Contoh
2 : Dosi and I are preparing dinner at
the moment--- Dosi and I are not ......
Soal
: : Supply the present continuous form
of the verbs in brackets.
a.
The tourists (visit) the museum.
b.
I (sleep) at this moment
c.
Rika (make) a dress now.
Kunci : a. are visiting b. am sleeping c. is making
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3
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PAST
TENSE
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Untuk
mengungkapkan kejadian yang sudah berlangsung- sudah le- pas. Ket waktu al
dengan last, ago dsb.
Semua
subyek menggunakan V bentuk ke dua dan negatipnya dengan did
not namun harus diingat bahwa setelah did not V harus kembali ke V pertama.
Contoh
1 : Putri went to the movie last
night---- Putri (she) did not go to
.....
(lihat
bahwa setelah did not menjadi go
tidak went atau gone atau going)
Contoh
2: They were very tired after the
meeting.--- They were not very tired after...
(
yang menunjukkan past tense adalah were , maka gunakan were not/ weren’t)
Soal
: Change into past tense.- change the verbs of time to yesterday.
a.
They study English everyday.
b.
She visits her parents every week.
c.
We attend a meeting every week.
Kunci : a. studied- yesteray. B. visited- last week.
C. attended – a weak ago
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4.
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PAST
CONTINUOUS TENSE
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Menunjukkan
kegiatan sedang berlangsung pada waktu lampau ketika itu ada juga
kejadian lain yang waktunya lebih
pendek juga berlangsung. Kegianan
yang berlangsung lebih lama dengan past continuous T yang lebih pendek dengan
past tense. Ciri ada kata while atau when.
Contoh
1. : He was studying English when my
friend called me.
(
was studying English lebih lama (pakai pasr Cont T) dari pada my friend
called (pakai Past Tense).
Contoh
2. : We were still preparing the lesson
while the bell rang
(he,
she,it dan I menggunakan was sedang You We They dengan were- lihat tyhe bell
rang –dengan past tense karena waktu ;lebih pendek)
Soal
: Put the verbs in the sentences in the correct Past Continuous Tense.
a.
The boy ... (fall) while he ... (ride) a bicycle
b.
As we ... (get) there, they .... (have) their
dinner.
c.
When I .... (leave) home, It.... (rain) very hard.
Kunci : a. fell- was rode b. got-
were having c.left - was raining
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5.
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PRESENT
PERFECT TENSE
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Untuk
mengungkapkan bahwa perbuatan sudah selesai dilakukan, biasa menggunakan
keterangan waktu since maupun for.
Formulasinya
dengan menggunakan has untuk he, she dan it
dan menggunakan have untuk I, you, we dan they plus V 3 (bentuk ke
tiga).
Contoh
I. : The teacher has explained for two
hours--- the teacher has not explained .
(
The teacher = he/she, maka menggunakan has sedang negatipnya tinggal menambah
not di belakang has tanpa mengubah kata kerjanya)
Contoh
2 : The students have done the project
since January- The students have not ..
(
The students = they/jamak, maka meggunakan have, negatipnya sama spt di atas.
Soal
: Put the verbs in the sentences in the correct Present perfect tense.
a.
We (not meet) each other for a long time.
b.
I (not withdrawn) any money from the bank for
months.
c.
You (keep) this check for three months.
Kunci : a.
haven’t met.. b. haven’t withdawn c.
have kept.
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6.
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PAST
PERFECT TENSE
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Untuk
menyatakan ada dua atau lebih perbuatan yang telah diselesaikan pada waktu
lampau yang saling berkait dan satu perbuatan menjadi syarat untuk perbuatan
lain.Keterangan waktu menggunakan before maupun after.
Contoh
1: She had done her homework before she
watched TV.
(Antara
mengerjakan pekerjaan rumah dan melihat Tv lebih lama mengerjakan PR)
Contoh
2: I went to the beach after my father
had given me permission .
(
ijin ayah sebagai syarat /mendahului sebelum ke pantai, dua kalimat tersebut
sama sama bentuk past.)
Soal
: Put the verbs in the sentences in the correct Past Perfect Tense
a.
She (is) home when I (visit) her.
b.
My father (lock) the door when we (come).
c.
She (write) a letter to him before I (do).
Kunci : a. had been – visited. B. had
locked – came c. had written - did
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7.
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PRESENT
FUTURE TENSE
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Untuk
menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang akan
dilakukan pada masa mendatang/ belum dilakukan , keterangan waktunya
antara lain dengan tomorrow, tonoght, next day next.... dsb.
Formulasinya
bisa dengan will atau to be going to
diikuti V1 (kata kerja bentuk 1)
Contoh
1: I will give a present to my sister
tonight = I am going to give a present.....
(will
bisa diganti is (to be) going to dan diikuti V1 /kata kerja bentuk pertama)
Contoh
2: Tina will buy me pizza tomorrow =
Tina is going to buy me .......
Soal
: Put the verbs in the sentences in the correct future tense.
a.She
(go) to Yogyakarta tomorrow
b.
They (have) breakfast at the restaurant.
c.
I (make) a cace in the kitchen.
Kunci
: a. will go b.
will have c. will make
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8.
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PRESENT
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
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Untuk
mengungkapkan perbuatan yang diperkirakan atau diarencanakan pada kurun waktu
tertentu di masa depan sudah akan terlaksana. Keterangan waktu yang biasa
digunakan adalah by the end of....,
by......
Formulasinya
dengan will have plus V 3 (kata kerja bentuk ke tiga)
Contoh
1: The author will have written his new novel by the end of this month.
(Pengarang
itu akan sudah (perkiraan/rencana) menyelesaikan novelnya pada akhis bulan
depan.).
Soal
: Put the verbs in the sentences in the correct Present future tense.
a.They
(discover) our escape at down tomorrow.
b.
We (go) along way by then.
c.
She probably (write) to them by next
week.
Kunci
; a.will have discovered. B. will
have gone c. willhave written.
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9
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MODALS
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Modal
atau Modal Auxilliary berarti kata kerja bantu antara lain terdiri dari will,
shall,can,may, must dan should.
1.Will
( bisa berarti akan)= Toni will arrive soon
Will
( penawaran/permohonan halus/=maukah)= will you open the window?
2.
Shall ( menawarkan halus)= Shall I open the window, it is hot
Shall ( akan/ bermaksud=merencanakan)= I
shall go with him to night.
3.
CAN ( ability= mampu, dapat, sanggup)= She can play the piano very well.
CAN ( Askibg help= dapakah)= Can yaou
show me the way to the post office?
CAN (asking permition = minta ijin)= Can
I borrow your pen?
4.
MAY( asking permition = mita ijin halus)= May I go home now?
MAY( possibility= mungkin) = I may come
late to the meeting tonight.
5.MUST
(necessity= harus= wajib , umum- have to= sunah) We must obey the law
MUST (conclution = pasti)= Tom has several
big houses, he must be rich now.
6.
SHOULD ( giving suggestion= seharusnya)= You look tired, you should take a
rest
SHOULD ( =ought to for duty = harus untuk
tugas)= You should obey the school rules.
Soal
: Fill in the blanks with the modals.
a.
Tuti is studying hard now .She ....... have a test
now.
b.
You are sick, Dewi. You ...... see the doctor
soon.
c.
It’s dark here ...... I swich on the light, sir?
Kunci : a. will .b. must c.
can.
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PRONOUNS
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SUBYEK
(di depan)
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OBYEK
(setelah kt kerja/predikat)
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POSSESIVE
ADJ (Sebelum kata benda)
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POSSESIVE
PRONOUNS (di akhir kalimat)
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REFLEXIVE
(biasanya setelah kata by)
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I
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ME
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MY
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MINE
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MYSELF
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YOU
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YOU
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YOUR
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YOURS
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YOURSELF
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THEY
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THEM
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THEIR
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THEIRS
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THEMSELVES
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WE
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US
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OUR
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OURS
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OURSELVES
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HE
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HIM
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HIS
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HIS
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HIMSELF
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SHE
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HER
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HER
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HERS
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HERSELF
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IT
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IT
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ITS
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ITS
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ITSELF
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Soal
: Complete the answers by using the correct pronouns.
a.
Each dog has ......own food and water
b.
Anton and I do ......homework together.
c.
Both boys prepare ......lesson well.
Kunci : a.its. b. our
c. their
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11
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RELATIVE
CLAUSES
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WHO
= pengganti orang sebagai subyek (orangnya sudah tertentu , sebelum to
be/verb)- G. Washington who became President of USA never told lie.
WHOM=
pengganti orang sebagai obyek ( orangnya belum tertentu , terletak sebelum
kata ganti orang)= Nina whom I like her is a nice girl.
WHOSE=
pengganti milik (terletak sebelum kata benda, setelah orang)= Mr. Brown hose
has a big house is very old
WHICH=pengganti
kata benda (setelah barang, sebelum kata ganti orang/kata kerja)= The book
which I read yesterday was a lovely story.
Soal
: Combine the sentences by using the correct relative clause
Contoh
: The woman is my aunt. The woman is waving her hand = The woman who is
waving her hand is my aunt.
Ombine
the sentences by using who whose or which
a.I
don’t like the food. The food tasted too hot.
b.
Where are the trousers? The trousers need to be taken in
c.
The employees have to retire. The employees are 55 years old.
Kunci
: a. I don’t like the food which taste
too hot. B.Where are the trousers which need to be taken in. C. The employees who are 55 years old have
to retire.
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12
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QUESTION
TAG
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1.
DENGAN TO BE : (Kiri positip kanan negatip. Kanan
positip kiri negatip.)= I am a student, aren’t I. I am not interested in
painting, am I?
2.
DENGAN AUXIALLIARIES: Kiri positip kanan negatip.
Kanan positip kiri negatip) = You didn’t hear me, did you? I can hardly hear you , can’t I?
3.
TANPA TO BE/ AUXILLIARIES/ DENGAN KATA KERJA(
lihat tensenya, present tense dengan do/ does dan past tense dengan did.
Kalimat kiri dan kanan koma berlawanan positip negatipnya)= He works very
hard, doesn”he? I studied hard, didn’t I? I really come late, do I ? (sebelum
koma bercitra negatip)
4.
PERINTAH/ PERMINTAAN (gunakan will dan selalu positip) Stand up, will you? Don’t smoke here, will
you?
Soal
:Complete the following sentences with the correct form of tag endings.
a.
The students understood the lesson well,.......
b.
You always do your homework,....
c.
She has read the book,.....
Kunci
: 1.didn’t they ?. 2. Don’t you ? 3. Hasn’t she?
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13
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SPECIAL
VERBS
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1.
TRANSITIVE (Kata kerja yang butuh obyek contoh
show=memperlihatkan, memperlihatkan apa? Untuk yang berkaitan dengan panca
indra tidak dengan to seperti feel, see, let, have, hear, help, make, watch =
He let me go. Sedangkan lainnya
dengan to seperti ;advice, allow, ask,
beg, expewct, forbid, hate, help, request, remiond, prefer, permit, intend,
invite, instruct, ahow, tell, want wish, urge,= She told me to obey that rule). Formulasinya : SUBYEK + SV+ O+TO
INV atau SUBYEK + SV + O + INF
2.
INTRANSITIVE (kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan
obyek sudah jelas maksudnya seperti try = mencoba tak perlu mencoba apa. Yang
lain : agree, hate, beg, arrange,
continue, ask forget, like, fall, mean, plan, hope, refuse, swear, prefer,
want, begin, wish, seem,help, attempt, hesitate, promise, love, remember,
refuse, swear, start, decide, determine, purpose, need, intent, try, dsb contoh : I refuse to give him some money.) Formulasinya : SUBYEK+ SV+ TO
INV
3.
VERB FOLLOWED BY V ing( Ada beberapa kata kerja
yang selalu diikuti kata kerja bentuk ing
umumnya tentang perasaan dan cenderung menjadi gerund. FORMULASINYA :
SUBYEK + SV + V ing Contoh : The
children like swimming. Kata kerja tersebut al : enjoy, start, go, remember, keep, stp, intend, allow, avoid, advise,
consider, postpone, hate, propose, mean, try, finish, mind, imagine,
anticipate, admit, regret, delay, deny, begin, prefer dsb.
Soal :Put the verbs in brackets into
the correct form.
a.
I want her (learn) English
b.
I advised him (ask) the police.
c.
I expect him (come) at 7
Kunci : 1. To learn. 2
asking 3. To come.
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14
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ELLIPTICAL
CONSTRUCTION
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1.
TOO / SO ( untuk pernyataan + artinya juga : I am late and you are too. We can swim and
so can you – perhatikan susunannya bukan so you can atau can you
so.
2.
NEITHER/ EITHER (Untuk pernyataan -/ negatip
artinya juga: I don’t like tea and my
girl freind either-
pacarku juga tidak suka. Ida won’t be there and neither will Toni = ida
tidak akan kesana begitu juga Toni = tidak ke sana juga.
Soal : Joint these sentences using
elliptical construction.
a.
He is hungry. I am hungry (too)
b.
She left the party early . We left the parrty
early ( so)
c.
She had applied for the job. I had applied for ghe
job (too)
Kunci : a.He is hungry and I am too. b.
She left the party early and so did we c. She had applied for the job and I
had too.
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15
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PREPOSITION
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PREPOSITION
adalah kata depan seperti on, at, in,
between dsb. She lives on Jalan Merdeka. She lives at Jalan Srikaya No 11. We
live in Kendal ( bila pakai nomor gunakan at bila tak pakai nomor atau hanya
jalan maka gunakan on dan bila hanya disebut kotanya gunakan in..
She
will go to Jakarta on Sunday. She
was born in November.
She
was born on Januari 1 st , 1994. She stays at home all day.
She
always goes to her office at 7 AM
She will stay in USA in Summer.
She
stands among her students .
She sits between Endi and
Adin .
Soal
:Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition .
a.
Will you lend me your pen ...... a few minutes
b.
I will wait here for him ...... 3 o’clock
c.
It has been raining steadily ........ yesterday.
Kunci : a. for. B.
at. C. since
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16
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CONJUNCTION
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1.
And, also, besides, more over, furthermore, indeed
adalah untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat yang setaraf.= Adin studies English
adn Dosi studies Biology.
2.
But, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, on
the other hand,in spite of untuk menunjukkan kalimat yang satu dengan yang
lainnya bertentangan/kontras.= Endang was studying hard for the test , but
Tuty was playing the quitar.
3.
So, therefore, consequently, thus, untuk
menunjukkan hasil/ kesimpulan =Andri is never absent from school , thus he
makes alot of progress.
4.
For , since, because, untuk menunjukkan alasan.=
Many foreign tourist come to Indonesia, because, we have beautiful views.
5.
Or and nor
untuk menunjukkan alternatip piloihan
= Is Toni teaching English or mathematic?
Soal:
Combine two sentences by using the conjunction in brackets.
a.
Petrolium is used as fuel, It is useful in a
fibred industry(not only.. but also)
b.
The boys are not allowed to leave the class. The
girls are not allowed to leave class (neither ...nor).
c.
We can take a taxi to get to the airport. We can
take a bus to get to air port ( ....either... or).
Kunci
:a Petrolium is used not only as fuel but also useful in a fibred industry.
b.
Neither The boys nor the girls are allowed to leave the class.
c.
We can take either a taxi or a
bus to get to the airport.
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17
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CAUSATIVE
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
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1.
ACTIVE SENTENCES
(saya perintahkan ...../.... disuruh untuk): SUBYEK+ HAVE+ OBJECT+ INVINITIVE = He has me mail the letter (Ia memerinahkan saya/ disuruh untuk
memposkan surat). Atau : 0BYEK+ GET+
OBYEK+ TO INVINITIVE. = I got you to prepare lunch (saya
perintahkan kepadamu/disuruh untuk mempersiapkan makan siang.
2.
PASSIVE SENTENCES
(memerintahkan agar/minta di..): SUBYEK+ HAVE/GET+ OBYEK+VERB 3 = Mother had the clothes washed ( Ibu memerntah agar /minta
dicucikan pakaiannya). Father gets a
glass of tea made ( Ayah
memerintah agar/minta dibuatkan segelas teh.)
Soal
: Change into causative passive sentences
a.
I will get him to turn off the radio.
b.
We finally got her to tell the truth.
c.
I have her take her medicine.
Kunci
: a. I will get the radio turned off.
b.
We finally got the truth told.
c.I
have her medicine taken.
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18
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REPORTED
SPEECH (direct/Indirect speech)
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1.
Tenses: PRESENT
TENSE MENJADI PAST TENSE, PAST TENSE MENJADI PAST PERFECT TENSE , PRESENT PERFECT MENJADI PAST PERFECT.
2.
KETERANGAN : here- there. THIS ke THAT. THESE ke
THOSE.
3.
COMMAND: He asked me
:” take my shoes.” HE ASKED ME TO TAKE
HIS SHOES. She said : “ Don’t go” SHE SAID NOT TO GO
4.
STATEMENT : Ani said :
“ I go home at 6”. ANI SAID THAT
SHE WENT HOME AT 6. Anto said:” I will come on time “. ANTO SAID THAT HE WOULD COME ON TIME.
5.
YES/NO
QUESTION:
He asked Ani:” are you sick?” HE ASKED ANI IF SHE WAS SICK. I asked him :” Do you have a pen ?” I
ASKED HIM IF HE HAD A PEN.
6.
QUESTION WORD: Mother asked
me:” Where have you been
?”MOTHER ASKED ME WHERE I HAD
BEEN. Atun Asked Toni :” Where are you going ?” ATUN ASKED
TONI WHERE HE WAS GOING.
Soal : Change the
following sentences into indirect speech
a.
The woman says : “I must go to he bank now.”
b.
She asked me :”What did you study?”
c.
The manager said:” I’ll rise your salary.”
Kunci
: a. The woman says that she must go to he bank then.
b.
She asked me what I had studied. C. The manager said that he would salary my
salary.
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19
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NOUN
CLAUSE
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1.
AS A SUBJECT : Where he lives is still a
mystery.What happened made her cry?
2.
AS AN OBJECT: I remember what his name is. I worried about how my sister was
3.
AS A COMPLEMENT: That is where she lives. My problem was when she told to her
father.
Soal
: complete the sentences by using noun clause.
a.
He knew .... to solve the problem.
b.
People know ..... always be ready to help him
c.
This is the place ... I found the wallet
Kunci
: a. how. B. who c. where.
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20
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INTENSIFIER
(too and enough)
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1.
TOO: terletak
sebelum kata sifat = The tea is
too hot for me. THE ROOM IS VERY
DARK. I CAN’T READ THE NOVEL. The room is too dark to read the novel.
2.
ENOUGH: terletak
setelah kata sifat = They are patient enough to wait for me. THE
MAN IS VERY STRONG. HE CAN MOVE THE HEAVY BAGS EASILY. = The man is strong enough to move the heavy bags
easily.
Soal : Fill in the blank with too or
enough at he bracketed words.
a.
The car was not (large) to accomodate all of us.
b.
My brother is (young) to go to school.
c.
You are not (old) to understand these thinks.
Kunci : a. large enough b. too young c.
old enough
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21
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CONDITIONAL
SENTENCES (Kalimat bersyarat)
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1.
TYPE 1.(akan terjadi bila syarat terpenuhi):
WILL+VERB+IF+ VERB 1 = I will buy
a new bicycle if I have much
money.
2.
TYPE 2.(bisa terjadi bisa tidak). WOULD + VERB 1 +
IF + VERB 2 = I would buy a new
bicycle if I had much money.
3.
TYPE 3 : (kondisi tidak mungkin terjadi/ hanya
berhandai-handai.).WOULD HAVE + VERB 3 + IF + HAD = VERB 3. = I would have bought a new bicycle if I had had much money
Soal
: Change the following sentences into two different kinds of conditional
sentences.
a.
Will you come if she invite you ?
b.
She would refuse to speak to him unless he
apologized to her first.
c.
If you are careful to drive your car , you won’t
get the accident.
Kunci:
a.1. Will you come if she invited you? A.2. Will you have come if she had
invited you?
b.1.
She will refuse to speak to him unless he apologizes to her first
b.2.
She will refuse to speak to him unless he had apologized to her first
c.1.
If you were careful to drive your car , you wouldn’t get the accident.
c.2.
If you had been careful to drive your car , you wouldn’t get the accident
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22
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GERUND
(kata kerja yang dijadikan benda)
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1.
SUBYEK (berada di paling depan dari sebuah kalimat
)= Speaking is very difficult for me.
2.
OBYEK ( berada setelah predikat/kata kerja)= I hate coming late.
3.
PREPOSITION ( setelah preposisi)= I am interested in gardening.
4.
COMPLEMEN (setelah to be ) = My hobby is swimming.
5.
COMPOUND ( kumpulan kata sebagai penjelas)= I have
a swimming pool at home.
Soal: Betulkan kalimat di bawah ini
a. walk in the morning is healthy.
b. You must stop smoke.
c. His free time is climb the
mountains
d.He is very good at speak English.
e. We have breakfast in the dine room.
Kunci :
a. walking in the morning is healthy.
b. You must stop smoking. c. His free time is climbing the mountains. d.He is
very good at speaking English..e. We have breakfast in the dining room.
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PASSIVE
VOICE (di ......
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Rumus
umum: TO BE + V 3 (To be plus Kata kerja bentuk ke tiga).
1.Present
Tense : S + TO BE + V 3
2.PRESENT
CONTINUOUS TENSE : S + TO BE + BEING +
V 3
3.
Present perfect tense : S + HAVE/HAS+ BEEN+ V3
4.
PRESENT FUTURE TENSE : S + SHALL/WILL+ BE + V 3
5.
Modal : S + CAN , MAY MUST + BE + V 3.
Contoh
: Mutia buys a book --- A book is bought by Mutia.
Mutia
is buying a book ------ A book is being bought by Mutia.
Mutia
bought a book ------- A book was bought by Mutia.
Mutia
has bought a book ------ A book has been bought by Mutia.
Mutia
will buy a book ----- A book will be bought by Mutia
Soal:
buatlah ke bentuk passive:
a.we will complete the work
b. She is going to send the cable
c. The teacher teaches English in our class
Kunci : a.The work will be completed.
B. The cable is going to be sent tomossow.c. English is taught in our class.
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PREFERENCE
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1.
Like .....better than.........
I like tea better than coffee
2.
Prefer ........to..........
I prefer tea to coffee
3.
Would rather ........... than........
I would rather have tea than coffee
Soal : Change prefer to would rather:
Example:
I prefer to wait outside : I would
rather wait out side
a.
He prefers to invite all of his close friends
b.
We prefer to spend the vacation in the village.
c.
They prefer to walk to school.
d.
Kunci : a. He would rather invite all of his close friends. B. We
would rather spend the vacation in the village. C. They would rather walk to
school
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Oleh Irayani Queencyputri | Yahoo She – Rab, 19 Okt 2011 15:34 WIB
Sakit
gigi dapat membuat hidup sengsara. Baik yang berupa nyeri berdenyut
terus-menerus, atau tajam menusuk tiba-tiba ketika kita makan atau
minum. Semua gejala tersebut menunjukkan, salah satu gigi kita tidak
sehat seperti seharusnya.
