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WOOD COMPOSITE POWDER PLASTIC RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY USE ALTERNATIVE WASTE WOOD AND PLASTIC INTRODUCTION
DARI Prio Nanto Tajoko KEPADA Anda
Nama : Prio nanto tajoko
No : 23
Kelas : XII RPL 3
WOOD COMPOSITE POWDER PLASTIC RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY USE ALTERNATIVE WASTE WOOD AND PLASTIC
INTRODUCTION
Due to the unique nature and characteristics, wood is the material most widely used for construction purposes. The ever-increasing demand for wood and forest potential of dwindling demand the use of wood in an efficient and expedient, by utilizing such waste sawdust into useful products. On the other hand, along with the development of technology, the need for plastics continue to increase as a consequence, increased waste plastikpun inevitable. Waste plastic is a material that can not be decomposed by microorganisms decomposing (non-biodegradable), so penumpukkannya in nature feared to cause environmental problems.
INTRODUCTION
Due to the unique nature and characteristics, wood is the material most widely used for construction purposes. The ever-increasing demand for wood and forest potential of dwindling demand the use of wood in an efficient and expedient, by utilizing such waste sawdust into useful products. On the other hand, along with the development of technology, the need for plastics continue to increase as a consequence, increased waste plastikpun inevitable. Waste plastic is a material that can not be decomposed by microorganisms decomposing (non-biodegradable), so penumpukkannya in nature feared to cause environmental problems.
Technological
developments, particularly in the field of composite board, has
produced a composite product which is a combination of sawdust with
recycled plastic. The technology was developed in the early 1990s in
Japan and the United States. With this technology it is possible
utilization of sawdust and recycled plastic to the maximum, thus will
reduce the amount of waste generated. In Indonesia, research on these
products is limited, whereas raw material waste potential is enormous.
This
paper will present a brief overview of the potential and utilization of
wood waste, particularly sawdust, and plastic waste as a product of
wood-plastic composite powder recycling.
POTENTIAL AND UTILIZATION OF WASTE WOOD POWDER
Human need for wood as building material for the purposes of construction, decoration, and furniture continues to increase along with the increase in population. Timber demand for the timber industry in Indonesia is estimated at 70 million m3 per year with an average of 14.2% per year while roundwood production estimated at 25 million m3 per year, so there was a deficit of 45 million m3 (Priyono, 2001). This suggests that the actual carrying capacity of the forest has been unable to meet the demand for wood. This situation is exacerbated by the presence komversi natural forests into agricultural land, shifting cultivation, forest fires, harvesting practices are not efisen and infrastructure development, followed by forest encroachment. These conditions require the use of wood in an efficient and prudent, among others, through the concept of the whole tree utilization, while increasing the use of non-wood berlignoselulosa, and the development of innovative products as a substitute for wood building materials.
Human need for wood as building material for the purposes of construction, decoration, and furniture continues to increase along with the increase in population. Timber demand for the timber industry in Indonesia is estimated at 70 million m3 per year with an average of 14.2% per year while roundwood production estimated at 25 million m3 per year, so there was a deficit of 45 million m3 (Priyono, 2001). This suggests that the actual carrying capacity of the forest has been unable to meet the demand for wood. This situation is exacerbated by the presence komversi natural forests into agricultural land, shifting cultivation, forest fires, harvesting practices are not efisen and infrastructure development, followed by forest encroachment. These conditions require the use of wood in an efficient and prudent, among others, through the concept of the whole tree utilization, while increasing the use of non-wood berlignoselulosa, and the development of innovative products as a substitute for wood building materials.
Regrettably,
to date harvesting and processing of timber in Indonesia still produces
large amounts of waste. Purwanto et al, (1994) stated the composition of
waste in harvesting and wood processing industry are as follows:
1. On timber harvesting, waste generally shaped logs, reaching 66.16%
2. In industrial sawmill wood waste sawdust covering 10.6 &. Sebetan 25.9% and 14.3% cuts, a total waste 50.8%
of the total raw material digubakan
3.
Industrial waste at the waste pieces of plywood covering 5.6%, 0.7%
sawdust, 24.8% wet veneer waste, dry waste veneer peeling the remaining
12.6% 11.0% and a piece of plywood edges 6.3% . Total waste plywood for
61.0% of total raw materials used.
Data
from the Ministry of Forestry and Plantations in 1999/2000 showed that
Indonesia’s plywood production reached 4.61 million m3 of sawn timber
while achieving 2.06 million m3.
Assuming the waste generated is estimated to reach 61% of the wood
waste generated reached more than 5 million m3 (CBS, 2000).
Wood
waste in the form of pieces of logs and sebetan been used as the core
block board and particle board material. The waste floured kergaji
utilization is still not optimal. For large, integrated industrial,
waste sawdust sawn been utilized as a form of charcoal briquettes and
activated charcoal are sold commercially. But for the sawmilling
industry small-scale industries, which accounted for thousands of units
and the countryside, the waste has not been used optimally. An example
is the industrial mills in Jambi, amounting to 150 pieces of which are
located on the edge of the
river Batang, sawn wood waste generated is dumped into the river,
causing siltation and reduction process stream segment (Pari, 2002). In
most of the wood processing industry waste sawdust are commonly used as
furnace fuel, or burned away without meaningful use, which can cause
environmental pollution (Febrianto, 1999). In order to efficient use of
wood are needed to use sawdust into a more useful product.
FROM PLASTIC TO PLASTIC WASTE RECYCLING
Plastic name representing thousands of different physical properties of materials, mechanical, and chemical. Broadly speaking, the plastic can be classified into two major categories, namely plastics are thermoplastic and thermoset that is. Thermoplastic can be reshaped easily and processed into other forms, whereas when it has hardened types of thermosets can not be softened again. The most common plastic used in everyday life in the form of thermoplastic.
Plastic name representing thousands of different physical properties of materials, mechanical, and chemical. Broadly speaking, the plastic can be classified into two major categories, namely plastics are thermoplastic and thermoset that is. Thermoplastic can be reshaped easily and processed into other forms, whereas when it has hardened types of thermosets can not be softened again. The most common plastic used in everyday life in the form of thermoplastic.
Along
with the development of technology, the need for plastic continues to
increase. BPS data in 1999 showed that the volume of trade of
Indonesia’s imports of plastic, especially polypropylene (PP) in 1995
amounted to 136,122.7 tons, while in 1999 amounted to 182,523.6 tons, so
that in this period there was an increase of
34.15%. The number is expected to continue to increase in subsequent
years. As a consequence, an increase in waste plastikpun inevitable.
According to Hartono (1998) the composition of the waste or plastic
waste dumped by each household was 9.3% of total household waste. In
Jabotabek average each plant produces one ton of plastic waste every
week. That number will continue to grow, due to the properties owned
plastics, among others, can not rot, do not decompose naturally, it can
not absorb water, and can not rust, and eventually ended up being a
problem for the environment. (YBP, 1986).
Utilization
of waste plastics is an effort to suppress plastic waste to a minimum
and within certain limits save resources
and reduce dependence on imported raw materials. Utilization of waste
plastics can be done with reuse (reuse) and recycling (recycle). In
Indonesia, the use of plastic waste in the scale of general household
usage is back with different purposes, for example, place a plastic
paint used for pot or bucket. Reuse ugly side, particularly in the form
of packaging is often used for product counterfeiting as it often
happens in the big cities (Syafitrie, 2001).
Utilization
of waste plastics for recycling is generally done by the industry.
Generally, there are four requirements for a plastic waste can be
processed by an industry, among others, certain wastes must be in the
form as needed (seed, pellets, powder,
pieces), the waste must be homogeneous, uncontaminated, and sought not
oxidized. To overcome these problems, before use of plastic waste is
processed through a simple step, the separation, cutting, washing, and
removal of substances such as iron, and so on (Sasse et al., 1995).
There
are things that benefit in the use of plastic waste in Indonesia
compared to developed countries. This is possible because manual
separation is considered not possible in developed countries, can be
done in Indonesia, which has abundant labor so that the separation does
not need to be done with advanced equipment that require high costs.
These conditions allow the development of plastics recycling industry in
Indonesia
(Syafitrie, 2001).
Use
of recycled plastic in the manufacture of plastic goods back has been
growing rapidly. Almost all types of plastic waste (80%) can be
processed back into the original item must be done despite mixing with
new raw materials and additives to improve the quality (Syafitrie,
2001). According to Hartono (1998) four types of plastic waste are
popular and sell well in the market, namely polyethylene (PE), High
Density Polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and asoi.
UTILIZATION OF WASTE WOOD AND POWDER WOOD PLASTIC COMPOSITES AS PLASTIC RECYCLING
Composite wood is a term used to describe any product that is made from sheets or small pieces of wood glued together (Maloney, 1996). Referring to the definition above, composite wood powder composite plastic is made of plastic as a matrix and wood powder as filler (filler), which has properties of both. The addition of filler into the matrix aims to reduce density, increase stiffness and reduce the cost per unit volume. In terms of wood, with the polymer matrix inside the strength and physical properties will also increase (Febrianto, 1999).
Composite wood is a term used to describe any product that is made from sheets or small pieces of wood glued together (Maloney, 1996). Referring to the definition above, composite wood powder composite plastic is made of plastic as a matrix and wood powder as filler (filler), which has properties of both. The addition of filler into the matrix aims to reduce density, increase stiffness and reduce the cost per unit volume. In terms of wood, with the polymer matrix inside the strength and physical properties will also increase (Febrianto, 1999).
Composite
manufacturing using a matrix of plastic that has been recycled, in
addition to improving the efficiency of wood utilization, can also
reduce the load on plastic waste in addition to producing innovative
products as a substitute for wood building materials. The advantages of
this product include: cheaper production costs, abundant raw materials,
flexible in the manufacturing process, low density, it is biodegradable
(rather than plastic), possesses properties better than the original raw
material, can be applied for various purposes, as well as can be
recycled (recycleable). Some examples of the use of this product are as
interior parts of vehicles (cars, trains, airplanes), furniture, or
building components (windows, doors, walls, floors and bridges)
(Febrianto, 1999: Youngquist, 1995).
Wood powder as Filler
Wood powder as Filler
Filler
is added to the matrix in order to improve the mechanical properties of
plastics through the deployment of effective stress between the fiber
and the matrix (Han, 1990). Besides the addition of filler to reduce
costs as well as improve some properties of its products.
Inorganic
materials such as calcium carbonate, talc, mica, and fiberglass is the
material most commonly used as a filler in the plastics industry. The
addition of
calcium carbonate, mica and talc may increase the strength of the
plastic, but the weight of the product is also increased so that the
transportation costs would be higher. In addition, calcium carbonate and
talc are abrasive to equipment used, thereby shortening the service
life. The addition of fiberglass to increase the strength of the product
but the price is very expensive. Therefore the use of organic
materials, such as wood filler in the plastics industry began to receive
attention. In Indonesia, the potential for very large timber as a
filler, especially the utilization of waste sawdust is still not
optimal.
According
Strak and Berger (1997), sawdust has advantages as a filler when
compared to filler
minerals such as mica, calcium carbonate, and talc are: process
temperature is lower (less than 400 º F) thereby reducing energy costs,
can be degraded naturally, weight species are much lower, so the cheaper
the cost per volume, low geseknya style so not to damage equipment on
the manufacturing process, and comes from renewable sources
Some
factors to consider in the use of sawdust as a filler in the
manufacture of wood plastic composite is a type of wood, the size ratio
between powder and sawdust and plastic. Another thing to consider is the
nature of wood dust itself. Wood is a material composed mostly of
cellulose (40-50%), hemicellulose (20-30%), lignin (20-30%), and small
amounts of inorganic
materials and extractive. Therefore hydrophilic wood, rigid, and can be
biologically degraded. The properties of the wood causes less suitable
when combined with plastic, because it is in the manufacture of
wood-plastic composites required assistance coupling agent (Febrianto,
1999).
Plastic Recycling In The Matrix
Plastic Recycling In The Matrix
In
Indonesia, most of the recycled plastic used again as the original
product with lower quality. Use of recycled plastic as a construction
material is still very rare. In the 1980s, the UK and Italy have been
recycled plastic used to make telephone poles instead of wooden poles or
iron. In Sweden recycled plastic used to manufacture the plastic brick
multistory buildings, because lighter and more powerful than common
brick (YBP, 1986).
Use
of recycled plastic in the field of composite wood in Indonesia is
still limited at the research stage. There are two strategies in the
manufacture of wood composites by using plastic, plastic first used as a
binder, while the wood as the main component, the second used wood
filler / filler and a plastic matrix. Research on the use of recycled
polypropylene plastic as a substitute for thermoset adhesives in the
manufacture of particle board made by Febrianto et al (2001). Particle
board product produced has dimensional stability and high mechanical
strength compared to conventional particle boards. Research recycled
plastic as wood plastic composite matrix made Setyawati (2003) and
Sulaeman (2003) by using recycled polypropylene plastic. In the
manufacture of wood plastic composite recycling, some thermoplastic
polymers can be used as a matrix, but is limited by low temperature
decomposition beginning and heating wood (approximately 200 ° C).
Making Process
Basically
composite manufacturing recycled plastic wood powder not unlike the
plastic matrix composites with pure.
These composites can be made through the process one stage, two-stage
process, and the continuous process. At one stage of the process, all
the raw materials mixed first manually and then entered into the tool
pengadon (kneader) and processed to produce a composite product. In the
two-stage process of modified plastic raw materials first, then filler
mixed together in the kneader and formed into a composite. The
combination of these stages is known as a continuous process. In this
process the raw materials incorporated gradually and sequentially in a
kneader and then processed through a composite product (Han and
Shiraishi, 1990). Generally a two-stage process produces a better
product than the one stage, but the process takes one step shorter.
Diagram of basic manufacturing process is presented in Figure 1.
Diagram of basic manufacturing process is presented in Figure 1.
Preparation of filler
In principle the preparation of filler intended to get sawdust or wood flour size and uniform moisture content. The more fine powders greater the contact surface between the matriknya filler, so the products become more homogeneous. However, if the terms of decorative composite powder size larger will produce a better appearance because the distribution of the powder timber provides its own value.
In principle the preparation of filler intended to get sawdust or wood flour size and uniform moisture content. The more fine powders greater the contact surface between the matriknya filler, so the products become more homogeneous. However, if the terms of decorative composite powder size larger will produce a better appearance because the distribution of the powder timber provides its own value.
Preparation of Recycled Plastic
Waste
plastics are grouped according to the type of plastic (polypropylene
(PP), polyethylene (PE), and so on). Once cleaned, the waste is chopped
to reduce the size, then heated to its melting point, then processed to
form a pellet. Before being used as a composite matrix made analysts
differential thermal (DTA). In the two-stage process, the pellets
diblending first by serving as a coupling agent in the manufacture of
composite compatibilizer.
Blending (Pengadonan)
Blending (Pengadonan)
The
stages in this pengadonan adapted to the process used, one stage,
two-stage, or continuous. According to Han (1990) pengadonan conditions
are most influential in the manufacture of composites is the
temperature, rotation rate, and time pengadonan.
The formation of composite
The formation of composite
After
the mixing is complete, the sample is directly incurred to molded into
sheets with heat presses. Compression
performed for 2.5 – 3 minutes with a pressure of 100 kgf/cm2 for 30
seconds at a temperature of 170 º C – 190 º C. After cold compression at
the same pressure for 30 seconds, the sheet is then cooled at room
temperature.
Testing of Composites
Testing of Composites
Composite
testing conducted to determine whether the product meets the
requirements specified for a particular use. Type adapted to the needs
of testing, testing fterhadap generally includes physical properties,
mechanical, and thermal composites.
Composite
of high quality can only be achieved if the sawdust is well distributed
in the matrix. In fact, the affinity of wood with a plastic powder is
very low because the wood is hydrophilic, while the plastic is
hydrophobic. As a result, the composite is formed has a drainage
properties and low moldability and in turn can reduce the strength of
materials (Han, 1990).
The results of research
The results of research
Studies
that have been and are being conducted aiming to produce wood plastic
composite with the best properties. Han (1990), Stark and Berger (1997),
and Oksman and Clemons (1997), examines the factors that play
an important role in the manufacture of wood plastic composite powder,
the type and form of raw material, wood species, the ratio of filler to
the matrix, type and compatibilizer levels, as well as the conditions at
the time of pengadonan. The results show that to some extent an
increase in strength of the composite with the smaller size of the
powder used, as well as the type, ratio of sawdust and plastic, as well
as the type of wood moisture content significantly affect the properties
of the resulting composites. The addition of compatibilizer to a
certain extent affect both the strength of the composite.
Research
on wood plastic composite mostly still use plastic purely as a matrix.
Research using
recycled matrix, performed by Setyawati (2003), Sulaeman (2003) by
using recycled polypropylene. The results of the study are summarized as
follows:
Setyawati
(2003) examined the effect of the size ratio of sawdust to the matrix
and compatibilizer content on physical and mechanical properties of
polypropylene wood composite recycling. The results showed a similar
pattern with a composite that uses pure polypropylene, the properties of
the composites increased with increasing particle size and smoothness.
Sawdust ratio of 50:50 with a matrix with the addition of 2.5% MAH as
compatibilizer is accompanied by the addition of initiator produces
optimal composite force, as well as physical properties
sufficient.
Sulaeman
(2003), examined the deterioration of wood plastic composite recycled
polypropylene by weather and termites. The results showed a composite of
recycled plastic lumber can be degraded by weather, but resistant to
termite attack.
Research The Moderate / Will Do
Research
and testing of wood plastic composite so far has been in the form of
thin sheets, so the test is still based on testing plastics. Currently
Sutrisno (personal communication) is conducting research on the
properties of recycled wood plastic composite in the form of small clear
specimen so testing is directed to the possible use of composites
instead of wood.
Future
studies will lead to the determination of the wood plastic composite
board manufacturing the best and the quality of composite board with
pre-treatment on the filler, the selection of modifier / compatibilizer,
the initiator, the determination of process variables, and the
use of materials other than wood berlignoselulosa (research plan) .
CLOSING
Manufacture
of composite products sawdust and recycled plastic is one alternative
to the use of waste wood and plastic, in order to improve the efficiency
of wood utilization, reducing the environmental load of the plastic
waste and to produce innovative products as a substitute for wood
building materials. The development of these products in the future will
hopefully have a positive impact, not only limited to industrial
development and foreign exchange savings, but also improve the quality
of the environment.
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